Preamble is the philosophical key to the Constitution. Examine?

Preamble of Indian Constitution:-

We, the people of india sovereignly resolved to constitute india into sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and to secure all its citizens.

Justice Social, Economical and Political

Liberty of though, belief, faith, expression and worship

Equality of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all

Fraternity assuring the dignity of individual and unity and integrity of the nation

In our constituent assembly this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do here by adopt enact and give ourselves this constitution.

Preamble is philosophical key to constitution. It contains very broad and philosophical terms like socialism,  Secularism, Liberty and others, which represents entire constitutional provisions of India. These provisions can be explained in the following way.

Sovereignty:-

India can make or unmake its own decisions without interference of the external force. thatswhy, we are sovereign. According to the constitution, The Sovereignty comes from the two phrases in the preamble. “ We the people of India” and “ Adopt, enact and Give ourselves this constitution”.  this shows popular sovereignty, which is derived from the people. 

Unlike other federal countries, No state has individual sovereignty(from article 1,2,3,4). India has collective consciousness in exercising the sovereignty, which can also be seen from the citizenship chapter of the indian constitution, which says, India, whole have the single citizenship.

Socialist:-

If Production of means and resources are placed in public hands instead of private individuals then that is called socialism. Here Public hand means State, which represents the will and wishes of the people.

Objectives of the socialisms are Elimination of economic inequality, and inequality in Status, Opportunity and standard of living, which can be cited in the directive principles of state policy(quote articles), Fundamental rights(article 16)

Secularism:-

Unlike western philosophy, Secularism in India is not complete separation of state from religion or Dharm Nirpeksh. It is being equidistant to all religions Sarva Dharma Sambhava. In this context, one can say state has no religion. Secularism gives the freedom of religion and affirms the equality which can be observed in article 25-28 and 44 of indian constitution and welfare of all people irrespective of their creed, caste or religion.

Secularism reaffirms the “Equality of the status and of opportunity” and  “fraternity assuring the dignity of individual and unity and integrity of nation”.

“Secular State protect all religions, doesnt favour any religion at the expense of another and doesnt proclaim any religion as the state religion” - Jawaharlal Nehru.

Characteristics of Secular State:-

1. State Doesnt allow all sort of religious dominations such as Inter religious and intra religious domination
2. State promotes the freedom that is freedom of conscience, to profess, practice and propagate the religion.
3. State promotes the equality within and between the religions.
4. State completely against the majority communalism.

Democratic:-

Democracy, where the state is run by representatives, who are elected by the sovereign people. In india, people enjoys the Universal Adult Franchise, which emanates from right to vote, article 326.

Republic:-

In Republic, there is no hereditary monarchy as the head of the state. In India Head of the State is elected by the people of the country and all the public offices also thrown out to the public.

Justice :- 

Justice is fair and moral treatment of all in formulating and implementing the law. Justice cannot be restricted to courts, where laws are being interpreted. Justice encompasses the social, economical and political elements. 

In social Justice, Whole Society shall progress without a single section is falling behind and being exploited. 

In economic Justice, When fruits of the growth are not reaching the some sections of the society, then Economic Justice kicks in Redistribution of the fruits of economy for the progress and prosperity of whole sections.

In Political Justice, every adult person has the right to vote(article 326) and has the right to contest for the public offices.

Liberty:- 

of though, belief, faith , expression and worship.

article 19, 20, 21 & 22 and many other articles protect and preserves the individual Liberty.

Equality:- 

of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all.

article 14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 are some of the provisions that promotes and ensures the equality between all citizens and reduces the inequality between them.

Fraternity:-

Increases the brotherhood and unity and integrity of the nation, which are part of nation building process.


In this way, we can say, provisions of preamble are very broad and deep in explaining the nature of indian constitution.

Recognition of tribal rights over non-timber forest products (NTFPs) would accelerate empowerment of the poor and marginalised. Comment.

Forest rights act , 2006 brought following rights tribal, who are historically being exploited and excluded from their home lands:

Rights over forest land for habitation and cultivation, 
Right of ownership, access to collect, use, and dispose of minor forest produce, 
Right to govern and manage any community forest resource which they have been traditionally conserving for sustainable use.

Potential:-

* 275 million people depend on NTFPs with a turnover of at least Rs 6,000 crore per annum. There is a strong potential to scale up NTFP collection and processing.

* A source of development and poverty alleviation.

* Maharashtra’s Vidarbha region, where community rights under FRA have been implemented at scale, with almost 5.86 lakh hectares of forests being transferred to the jurisdiction of gram sabhas. 

* Information from 247 villages from this region reveals how ownership over minor forest produce, specially tendu leaves and bamboo, has improved the economic condition of forest dwellers. These villages earned a total of nearly Rs 35 crore in 2017 by selling NTFPs.

* Due to the increased income, socio-economic status has increased, which in-turned has reduced migration and increased reverse-migration, which is good sign incase of tribals, who are in general suffered from human trafficking, exploitation, oppression, forced labour and other forms of exploitation due to migration. 

* The recognition of rights over forests and forest products has transferred the decision-making power to communities to decide when, where, how and to whom to sell their non-timber forest products and how to govern their forests. 

* The FRA also fosters democratic control over customary forests by forest-dependent communities, ensuring more effective, sustainable and people-oriented forest conservation, management and restoration. For instance, in the aforementioned districts in the Vidarbha region, the recognition of community rights over forest resources and land has led to dramatic reduction in incidence of forest fires. The forest cover regeneration has improved and indiscriminate felling and diversion of forests has been contested.

* A report of the Rights and Resources Initiative (2015) suggests that if the FRA is implemented properly, it could lead to the recognition of the rights of at least 150 million forest-dwelling people over 40 million hectares of forestland in more than 1,70,000 villages. The economic impact of this could be huge in rural areas as NTFPs constitute about 20 per cent to 40 per cent of the annual income of forest dwellers. It provides them critical subsistence during the lean seasons, particularly for tribal groups such as hunter-gatherers, and the landless. Given that most of the NTFPs are collected, used and sold by women, it would also lead to financial and social empowerment for millions of women.

In this way, Forest Rights become boon for the socio-economic development of Tribal People and also ensures the Protection and sustainable growth of forest land in India.

Child Labour in India

According Official Estimates, nearly 10-17 million children are engaged in some or other forms of labour in India and living outside their childhood. 

Child labour is a violation of fundamental human rights and has been shown to hinder children’s development, potentially leading to lifelong physical or psychological damage. Evidence points to a strong link between household poverty and child labour, and child labour perpetuates poverty across generations by keeping the children of the poor out of school and limiting their prospects for upward social mobility. This lowering of human capital has been linked to slow economic growth and social development. An ILO study has shown that eliminating child labour in transition and developing economies could generate economic benefits nearly seven times greater than the costs, mostly associated with investment in better schooling and social services.

Legal Protections:-

Child Labour( Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016

Constitutional Protection:-

Article 21— No person shall be deprived of his life and liberty except procedure established law. 

Article 21A — Right to education of children in age of 6-14 age

Article 24 — Prohibition of employment of children in factories, mines and hazardous activities. 

Supreme Court Judgement:-

M.C.Mehta Vs State of T.N:

People’s Union for democratic Rights Vs Union of India:

In both cases, S.C prohibited the Child Labour

International Laws:-

SDG 8 — Eradication of child Labour

UNICEF — UN Children’s Fund

ILO:- Minimum Age Convention, 1973; Worst form of child labour convention, 1999

Q) Sacred complex as a dimension of Indian civilization (2015 Mains)

Def: Sacred Complex is happy synthesis of sacred geography, sacred specialist and sacred performance of hindu place of pilgrimage reflecting the compromise, continuity & combination between great and little tradition.

Sacred Complex consists of three elements:

1. Sacred Specialist
2. Sacred Performance and 
3. Sacred Geography

Sacred specialist:-

• Maintain distinct lifestyle
• transmit various elements to rural population while officiating different rituals and practicing certain performances. 
• Play important role in popularising certain texts and demeaning certain others. —> Way of modification of texts —> Changes in Society

According to L.P.Vidyarthi, Sacred Specialists are three types:

• Sanskritic Priests
• Feudalistic Priest and 
• Local Priests 

Sanskritic: Their life style is highly ritualised, orthodox and rigid to customs and rituals. 

Feudalistic: Over the period of time, these position of sanskritised priests become hereditary and gets the huge income. At that incident, These priests appoint number of disciples and continue sacred performances and get the high fees. They come out and attend sacred performances, which are important in nature. 

Local: For Folk people, who are not knowledgable  enough go to local Priests. 

Sacred Geography:- 

Sacred Centre is the place of sanctum Sanctorum, where chief deity resides, around which other deities representing folk/little traditions. For example, In Gaya Sacred Geography, there are number of other temples are found by L.P.Vidyarthi.

In the premise of Great Tradition, one ca observe Little traditional continuity in term of plants, animals and snake worship. For example— In Nepal- Janakpur, there is a temple of Rama but within the same temple complex another temple of Rajarajeswar is present where animal sacrifices are undertaken. 

Sacred Performances:- It Includes, Aarati, havan, Japam, Yagna, Recitation, e.t.c., It also includes flora worship, meditation, e.t.c., Apart from these great traditions, Little traditions of folk songs, Bajana, Tallam, e.t.c., are also part of sacred Performances. 

According to SARASWATI[ Holy circuit of Nimsar(1965), The temple Organisation in Goa(1962), Kashi: Myth and relaity of classical cultural tradition], Concept of Sacred is essentially based on man;s desire to communicate with Spiritual World usually inorder to attain Moksha. In significant study of kashi, sarawsati has concluded that although sacred complex of kashi may appear as predominantly a bramhin complex, it is indeed a complex of a much bigger civilisation, which makes the bramhanic temple of viswesra and non-bramhanic shrine of AGIYABEER to co-exist, the textually learned bramhanic karmakandi and illiterate untouchable DOMTO conduct sacred performances together and a Nashik Bramhin touch the feet of an AWADHOOT, who eats carcasses.  This king of arrangement at sacred place of pilgrimage demonstrates and reminds the pilgrimage coming from different cultural traditions again and again that they must not be too egoistic in upholding their own traditions as their superior most. 

In this way we can say, Sacred Complex is a dimension of Indian Civilisation, which is too diverse and have so many traditions and rituals continued from generations to generations. 

2013-17 world history previous paper questions

2013:-

1. “‘Latecomer’ Industrial Revolution in Japan involved certain factors that were markedly different from what West had experienced.” Analyze. (200 words) 
2. ‘’Africa was chopped into States artificially created by accidents of European competition.” Analyze. (200 words) 
3. ‘’American Revolution was an economic revolt against mercantilism.” Substantiate. (200 words) 
4. What policy instruments were deployed to contain the Great Economic Depression? (200 words) 

2014:-

1. What were the major political, economic and social developments in the world which motivated the anti-colonial struggle in India? 10 
2. What were the events that led to the Suez Crisis in 1956? How did it deal a final blow to Britain’s self-image as a world power? 10 
3. The New Economic Policy-1921 of Lenin had influenced the policies adopted by India soon after independence. Evaluate. 10  

2015:-

1. Why did the industrial revolution first occur in England? Discuss the quality of life of the people there during the industrialization. How does it compare with that in India at present? 2015 
2. To what extent can Germany be held responsible for causing the two World Wars? Discuss critically 

2016:-

1. The anti-colonial struggles in West Africa were led by the new elite of Western -educated Africans. Examine.

2017:-

1. What problems are germane to the decolonization process in the Malay Peninsula?  (150 words)

Contributions of Jainism and Buddhism to Indian Society

These are some of the common contribution of Jainism and Buddhism. Apart from these,

National Integration:- In integrating nation into one by promoting social harmony and peace, Buddhism played huge  during mauryan period. 

Modern India:- Buddhism and Jainism majorily contribute their doctrine of ahimsa in formulating the foreign policy of India. For example, Panchasheel and Non-Alignment. 

Apart from these, important symbols became national symbols of India. For example, Ashoka Chakra in National Flag and Saranth Stupa became national emblem of india. 

Torture in India, a Short note

As per the NHRC report, from 2001-10, India witnessed more than 14,000 custodial deaths. Though we have constitutional rights and provisions in IPC and Crpc, the custodial deaths and tortures are continuously happening. the recent fair example is alleged ryan school bus conductor torture case.  In this grim circumstances, a strong Law to deter the custodial deaths and torture is required as per the UNCAT( UN Convention Against the Torture), to which india is already signed. 

Provisions against the custodial torture in Indian Constitution:-

a. Article 20:- Protection w.r.t. conviction for offences:-

• No ex-post facto law
• No Double Jeopardy
• No Self Incrimination

b. Article:- 21:- Right to life and liberty:- No person Shall be deprived of his life and liberty except procedure established by law.

c. Article 22:- Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases:- 

1. Right to know the cause of arrest and right to defended by attorney.
2. Right to be produced before the magistrate within 24 hr period and right against unlawful detention without proper magistrate approval.
3. Preventive Detention:- Not more than three months.

Laws against the torture:-

- Protection of human rights act, 1993

- IPC and Crpc

Supreme court order against the torture:-

In Bachhan singh vs State of punjab, SC categorically said that No person shall be subjected to torture or cruelty.

International Covenants:-

1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
2. International Convention on civil and political rights
3. United Nations Convention against the Torture. 

Though we have aforesaid provisions in our law system, torture and custodial deaths are continued unabated due to the lack of Proper law to prevent and criminalise the custodial torture and deaths. Due to this vacuum, many individuals, for whom india is seeking extradition, are continuously escaping the extradition by showing these vacuum in the law. For examples:- Vijay Mallya and Lalit Modi. 

Thats why, Having the proper law against the torture is pragmatic, moral constitutional and imperative for the country like india, which is loosing more than 14,000 individuals in a decade in the form of custodial deaths. 

Food Loss,Wastgae, its implications on india and solutions

Food Loss: 

At the production Stage:

• Due to farming mechanism and equipments employed on farms.
• Due to the inefficient usage of pesticide, insecticide e.t.c.,
• Due to floods, droughts or other disasters.

At Distribution Stage:

• Due to inefficient transport and supply chain mechanisms.
• Due to lack of infrastructure.

At Storage Stage:

- Due to lack of Storage facility. for example, A recent study by the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta, revealed that only 10% of food is covered by cold storage facilities in India

At the Marketing Stage:

• Due to low prices and inefficient marketing mechanisms, perishable food have to wait outside for long period of time, which lead to the perishing of food and that lead to the food loss.

Food Wastage:-

It occurs Normal wastage of the food due to the excessive supply.

Reasons:-

• Some of the rich is perceiving it as the affluence and status symbols.
• Lack of effective mechanism or laws in reducing the food loss, penal provisions , in creating the supply chains between source of the food loss, civil societies or NGOs.

Implications on India and the world whole:-

• According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), “One third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally, which amounts to about 1.3 billion tons per year.”
• According to one estimate, 21 million tonnes of wheat are wasted in India every year.
• Socio, Economic and Environmental implications of food loss or wastage:-

Social Implications:-

1. India ranked 100th among 119 countries in the Global Hunger Index for 2017. About 20 crore people go to bed hungry and 7,000 people die of hunger every day. 
2. Food loss or wastage is creating the social inequality.

Economic Implications:-

1. Concentration of food resources in some hands and their wastage is inflationary in nature for the poor and low income individuals.
2. Wastage of Resources that is 

      (i) Using high level of inputs in quantity

      (ii)  25% of fresh water is being wasted 

      (iii) nearly 300 million barrels of oil used to produce food is ultimately wasted.

      (iv)Wastage results in national economic loss. To put a monetary value to the loss in terms of wastage, India loses ₹58,000 crore every year, to quote The CSR Journal.

Environmental Implications:-

1. The increasing wastage also results in land degradation by about 45%, mainly due to deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, and excessive groundwater extraction. 
2. The energy spent over wasted food results in 3.3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide production every year. Decay also leads to harmful emission of other gases in the atmosphere; for instance, decaying of rice produces methane. Food waste emissions have a major impact on climate change and result in greater carbon footprint.

Laws to encourage donation:-

Many countries have legislation providing for global best practices, such as the 1996 Bill Emerson Good Samaritan Act in the U.S., which was intended to encourage donation of food and grocery products that meet quality and labelling standards by protecting the donor and the recipient agency against liability, except in the case of gross negligence and/or intentional misconduct. France has taken a lead by becoming the first country in the world to ban supermarkets from destroying unsold food, forcing them instead to donate it to charities or food banks or send it to the farmers to be used as fertilisers in crop production.

In India, there are many civil society, private sector and community initiatives aimed at distributing food among the poor. The government is also committed to securing availability of food grains for two-thirds of the 1.3 billion population, under the National Food Security Act, 2013. While securing food for all or feeding them through such initiatives is important, addressing wastage of food in all forms is equally critical to complete the cycle of food sufficiency and food sustainability. There are initiatives such as India Food Banking Network (IFBN), which is promoting the concept of collaborative consumption with support from the private sector and civil society organisations. Such initiatives, creating networks and channels of distribution between those who have surplus food and those who are in need of them, are necessary.

The government needs to do more and should play a larger facilitating role. The Prime Minister’s call to the nation needs to be followed up with further interventions. There is an urgent need to understand the complexity of the problem and then to devise a national-level strategy to combat it so that surplus of food can be turned into an advantage instead of resulting in wastage. Hunger and food wastage are two sides of the coin. The cycle of hunger cannot be broken without channelising the wasted food to help the needy. Without stopping wastage of food, we cannot do justice to millions of hungry people, our economy and the planet.

Little Information Regarding the State of Manipur

Physiography:- 

Physiography of manipur can be classified into following ways:-

• Mountainous region
• Valley region
• Lakes and rivers

Mountainous Region:- 

In the north Manipur is surrounded by Naga hills and Patkai bum hills, in south it is surrounded by mizo hills. These hills are majorly resided by Naga Tribes and kuki tribes.

Valley region:-

Nearly 10-20% of land area comes under the valley region. This is land between mountainous region. Nearly, 60% of the Manipuri Population lives in the valley region. Among them, proportion of the Meitei people is greater than others.

Floating landmasses in Loktak Lake

Lakes and Rivers:-

In the middle of the Manipur there is Loktak Lake, which consists of the phumdi, Floating land masses. Large Land masses are called phumshong. Keibul Lamjao is the only floating national park in the world and it is in the midst of loktak lake. This national park is home to the endangered brown-antlered deer/ Sangai. 

Total 7 rivers are passing through the state of manipur. Among them, important one is barak river, which tributary to the meghna river.

Culture & History:-

About the Religion:-

Manipur has parallel history along with india. Before the advent of the vaishnavism into the manipur, Sanamahism was the religion practiced in the manipur. Some believes that it is practiced from 33CE.

Shri sankaradeva, A staunch vaishnavaite introduced the vaishnavism in manipur state.

William Pettigrew, an english man brought the christianity to the state  during the times of colonialism and now, this is one of the flourishing religion in the state of manipur.

Dance forms:-

Manipuri is one of the eight classical dances of India. Though expressions and themes of the dance exists since ancient times, Modern form is greatly influenced by the vaishnavism. It is particularly known for its Hindu Vaishnavism themes, and exquisite performances of love-inspired dance drama of Radha-Krishna called Raslila. rajarshi bhagyachandra introduced the raslila into the manipur. However, the dance is also performed to themes related to Shaivism, Shaktism and regional deities such as Umang Lai during Lai Haraoba. 

Regal History:-

The history of Manipur is obscure; Royal dynasty records such as the Cheitharol Kumbaba were composed after Manipur became a Hindu Kingdom and are mostly based on myths.

The Kingdom of Kangleipak was established by King Loiyumba in 1110 who ruled between 1074 and 1121. He consolidated the kingdom by incorporating most of the principalities in the surrounding hills and is credited with having enacted a kind of written constitution for his state.^[2] After subjugating all the villages within their valley Kangleipak kings grew in power and began a policy of expansion beyond their territory. In 1443 King Ningthoukhomba raided Akla, an area ruled by Shan people, initiating a policy of Manipuri claims to the neighbouring Kabaw Valley. The zenith of the Kangleipak State was reached under the rule of King Khagemba (1597–1652).

One of the last photos of S.C.Bose at Moirang,Manipur

the kingdom of kangleipak exists independent until british interfering into the burma. During the burmese expedition, manipur became the protectorate state in 1824. After the crushing the rebellion in anglo-manipur war in 1891, Manipur directly comes directly under the administration of the Britain.

Manipur has the rich history in modern india and the world history. During World War II, Moirang was the headquarters of Azad Hind Fauz. Colonel Shaukat Malik of the Indian National Army, (INA) hoisted the Tricolour for the first time on Indian soil on 14 April 1944, in Moirang with the help of Manipuris like Shri Mairembam Koireng Singh and others who were members of the INA. The INA Museum at Moirang displays some wartime relics and photographs.

In 1947, Manipur became the integral part of the India and became the union territory in 1956 and received full statehood in 1972.

Sports:-

Manipur has the credit of giving the Modern Polo to the world. Modern form of the POLO is played by the royal family in the back yard of the kangla Royal Fort. 

Regarding the Kangla Forts:-

Mystical Dragons in the Kangla fort

Kangla Royal Fort has the rich history. After loss of the anglo-manipur war, British took the control of kangla fort. Later, Assam rifles occupied after the independence. In the year of 2004, Assam Rifles vacated the Kangla Fort after the severe protests of the naked mothers of Manipur and death of Manorama, who is believed to be militant. Since then, Kangla Fort became famous tourist destination and symbol of manipur history and culture.



Current Events:-

• Protests in-favour of the Inner Line Permit, which exists in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, nagaland and Mizoram.
• Protest of the Naga People against the division of the existing districts.
  
  

What is depression?

Definition:-

Depression is a mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life.

It's natural to feel down sometimes, but if that low mood lingers day after day, it could signal depression. Major depression is an episode of sadness or apathy along with other symptoms that lasts at least two consecutive weeks and is severe enough to interrupt daily activities. Depression is not a sign of weakness or a negative personality. It is a major public health problem and a treatable medical condition.

Symptoms:-

1. primary symptoms of depression are a sad mood and/or loss of interest in life. Activities that were once pleasurable lose their appeal. Patients may also be haunted by a sense of guilt or worthlessness, lack of hope, and recurring thoughts of death or suicide.

2. primary symptoms of depression are a sad mood and/or loss of interest in life. Activities that were once pleasurable lose their appeal. Patients may also be haunted by a sense of guilt or worthlessness, lack of hope, and recurring thoughts of death or suicide.

3. Depression is sometimes linked to physical symptoms. These include:

• Fatigue and decreased energy

• Insomnia, especially early-morning waking

• Excessive sleep

• Persistent aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems that do not ease even with treatment

Depression can make other health problems feel worse, particularly chronic pain. Key brain chemicals influence both mood and pain. Treating depression has been shown to improve co-existing illnesses.

4.  Changes in appetite or weight are another hallmark of depression. Some patients develop increased appetite, while others lose their appetite altogether. Depressed people may experience serious weight loss or weight gain.

5.  the physical and emotional turmoil brought on by depression can derail careers, hobbies, and relationships. People with depression often find it difficult to concentrate and make decisions. They turn away from previously enjoyable activities, including sex. In severe cases, depression can become life-threatening.

6.  People who are depressed are more likely to attempt suicide. Warning signs include talking about death or suicide, threatening to hurt people, or engaging in aggressive or risky behaviour. Anyone who appears suicidal should be taken very seriously. 

Causes of depression:-

a prominent theory says that altered brain structure and chemical function is cause behind the depression. Brain circuits that regulate mood may work less efficiently during depression. Drugs that treat depression are believed to improve communication between nerve cells, making them run more normally. Experts also think that while stress -- such as losing a loved one -- can trigger depression, one must first be biologically prone to develop the disorder. Other triggers could include certain medications, alcohol or substance abuse, hormonal changes, or even the season.

If your mood matches the season -- sunny in the summer, gloomy in the winter -- you may have a form of depression called seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The onset of SAD usually occurs in the late fall and early winter, as the daylight hours grow shorter. Experts say SAD affects from 3% to 20% of all people, depending upon where they live.

Treatment for Depression:-

1. Cognitive behavioral therapy aims to change thoughts and behaviors that contribute to depression. Interpersonal therapy identifies how your relationships impact your mood. Psychodynamic psychotherapy helps people understand how their behaviour and mood are affected by unresolved issues and unconscious feelings. Some patients find a few months of therapy are all they need, while others continue long term.

2. Antidepressants affect the levels of brain chemicals, such as serotonin and norepinephrine. There are many options. Give antidepressants a few weeks of use to take effect. Good follow-up with your doctor is important to evaluate their effectiveness and make dosage adjustments. If the first medication tried doesn't help, there's a good chance another will. The combination of talk therapy and medication appears particularly effective.

3. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) can help patients with treatment-resistant depression that does not improve with medication. VNS is like a pacemaker for the brain. The surgically implanted device sends electrical pulses to the brain through the vagus nerve in the neck. These pulses are believed to ease depression by affecting mood areas of the brain.

4. Another option for patients with treatment-resistant or severe melancholic depression is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). This treatment uses electric charges to create a controlled seizure. Patients are not conscious for the procedure. ECT helps 80% to 90% of patients who receive it, giving new hope to those who don't improve with medication.

5. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation:-
   
   A newer option for people with stubborn depression is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). This treatment aims electromagnetic pulses at the skull. It stimulates a tiny electrical current in a part of the brain linked to depression. rTMS does not cause a seizure and appears to have few side effects. But doctors are still fine-tuning this treatment.

How to escape depression naturally?:-

1. Choose something you enjoy and aim for atleast 20 to 30 minutes four or five times a week.
2. Physical Exercise.
3. A playful puppy or wise-mouthed parrot is no substitute for medication or talk therapy. But researchers say pets can ease the symptoms of mild to moderate depression in many people. Pets provide unconditional love, relieve loneliness, and give patients a sense of purpose. Studies have found pet owners have less trouble sleeping and better overall health.
4. Because loneliness goes hand-in-hand with depression, developing a social support network can be an important part of treatment. This may include joining a support group, finding an online support community, or making a genuine effort to see friends and family more often. Even joining a book club or taking classes at your gym can help you connect with people on a regular basis.

Blogger’s own experience:- 

Depression is curable with the hope in yourself only. The present world has been created for our enjoyment(caution:- which doesn’t mean to hurt others). Diversification of our natural inclinations and creation of new and good habits will definitely create some hope in our thought process, which itself make us run for beautiful life, which we always sought after. Sitting idle and thinking about the same process would create the pain in the long run. Start anything in small pieces and bit-by-bit increase you capacity. Even a longest river in the world, Nile starts from the lake victoria.  Be Strong.