what is Garba Dance?

In Gujarat, Garba is performed on festive occasions like Navratri, Sharad Purnima, Vasant Panchami and Holi. When the folk dance is performed during the nine nights of Navratri, it symbolizes the worship of Goddess Jagdamba. The dance is performed by generally women, but men also take part nowadays. The performers stand in a circular form, to perform the dance. The word 'Garba' is derived from 'Garbha Deep', a lamp placed inside a perforated earthen pot or Garba. The perforated pot is illuminated by the lamp inside it, which represents the embryonic life. 

According to the legends, Usha, the grand daughter-in-law of Lord Krishna, popularized Lasya Nritya, which is today known by the name - Garba. In the primitive form of Garba dance, the women place the pot 'Garba', with lamp on their head and move in a circular motion. They sing and clap their hands simultaneously and synchronize their circular steps, very gracefully. The dance is accompanied by folk instruments. The pot is filled with a betel nut and a silver coin. On top of it, a coconut is place, giving it the appearance of a holy ‘Kumbh'.

 In the interiors of Gujarat, there exists a tradition, according to which, women place the perforated earthen pot (with the lamp inside it) at the center on a stool and dance around it, by clapping their hands and singing songs in the praise of Goddess Jagdamba. During the festive season of Navratri, Garba dance performances begin at the night. The performances are arranged by different clubs and cultural committees. During the 'Garba night', the participants gather at an open space, a club or at street corners. They stand in a circle, around an idol or photograph of the goddess that is kept in the center. The dance begins with beats in slow tempo. As the dance proceeds, the energy level of the participants is heightened due to the fast beat and tempo of the music. The music is synchronized by a drummer, who sits in the center of the dancers. Navratri Garba is the most colorful form of the dance. The performers, both men and women, would clad themselves in colorful and magnetically attractive traditional attire. 

The most chosen attire for the dance is sari, worn in the typical Gujarati style. In Saurashtra region, the performers would wear magnificently embroidered petticoats (Ghaghara) with a backless choli (kapdu), accessorized with a head cover (odhani). They would adorn themselves with lots of silver jewelry on their head. Their male counterpart would wear kediyum (shirt) and vajani (trouser), with a rumal (printed headpiece). Drum, harmonium and naal are the musical instruments usually used for Garba dance.

What is Melamine and Its adverse effects on the health of humans

Melamine is an organic base chemical most commonly found in the form of white crystals rich in nitrogen.Melamine is widely used in plastics, adhesives, countertops, dishware, whiteboards.

In China, where adulteration has occurred, water has been added to raw milk to increase its volume. As a result of this dilution the milk has a lower protein concentration. Companies using the milk for further production (e.g. of powdered infant formula) normally check the protein level through a test measuring nitrogen content. The addition of melamine increases the nitrogen content of the milk and therefore its apparent protein content.

Addition of melamine into food is not approved by the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius (food standard commission), or by any national authorities.

In 2008, at least four babies in China died and around 100,000 became sick after consuming powdered milk baby food laced with melamine.

the health effects of melamine consumptions in humans:-

While there are no direct human studies on the effect of melamine data from animal studies can be used to predict adverse health effects. Melamine alone causes bladder stones in animal tests. When combined with cyanuric acid, which may also be present in melamine powder, melamine can form crystals that can give rise to kidney stones.

These small crystals can also block the small tubes in the kidney potentially stopping the production of urine, causing kidney failure and, in some cases, death. Melamine has also been shown to have carcinogenic effects in animals in certain circumstances, but there is insufficient evidence to make a judgment on carcinogenic risk in humans.

the symptoms and signs of melamine poisoning:-

Irritability, blood in urine, little or no urine, signs of kidney infection, high blood pressure.

Recently,IISC bangalore created new detection method in finding the melamine in the milk powder. Leaf extract of a commonly seen weed parthenium, along with silver nitrate, is used for detecting the presence of melamine in milk.

The presence of melamine in milk can be detected at room temperature within a few seconds through a change in colour. Prior to melamine detection, the milk is processed to remove fat and proteins as they tend to interfere with detection. While most researchers had used already prepared silver nanoparticles for melamine detection, the IISc team added silver nitrate and the leaf extract in a particular ratio and at a particular pH to the preprocessed milk to synthesise silver nanoparticles. “If melamine is present then it interferes with the synthesis and there is abrupt formation of nanoparticles leading to colour change,”

Dire Situation of Raptor species in India

Indiscriminate sand quarrying on the Vaigai riverbed, and granite quarrying in many parts of Madurai, have spelt disaster for many raptor species and, today, only two Laggar Falcons survive on the rock clifs of Arittapatti near Melur in the district.

Laggar Falcons are an indigenous raptor species with white and grey plumage, which can hunt and fly at speeds of up to 180 kmph. A few Peregrine Falcons, also a resident species and one of the fastest at flying, also reside in this area.

Arittapatti, situated between Alagarmalai and Perumal Malai reserve forests, is a historic site with 2,000-year-old Jain rock beds and inscriptions.Madurai was once a paradise for 17 species of raptors, which could feed on the then plentifully available reptiles. “Birds are the greatest indicators of climate change, and of loss of habitat and biodiversity. Due to sand quarrying, Madurai lost its Vaigai-based biodiversity, including hundreds of Brahminy Kites, Black Kites and native fishes,”

Stone quarrying in Keezhavazhavu and Melavazhavu destroyed the habitat and nesting spots of raptors and other birds, including eagles, falcons and owls. Felling of palm trees, which is a nesting spot of many raptor species, is also one of the reasons for the disappearance of the birds.

Discuss Pros and Cons of merging the Railway Budget with General Budget?

After 92 years the Railway Budget will cease to exist -- instead, beginning next fiscal year, it will be presented along with the Union Budget. 

In a letter, Railways Minister Suresh Prabhu urged Finance Minister Arun Jaitley to merge the two Budgets together and after raising the matter in the Rajya Sabha, the Finance Ministry has constituted a five-member committee to look into the matter and submit a report by August 31. For the railways, there are many implications ,both positive and otherwise,resulting from this marriage. Here are a few pros and cons.

 PROS 

--Folding the Rail Budget into the main budget will result in a seamless transportation policy. During the British Raj, Railway Budget made up for 85 percent of the country’s general budget. Now, it accounts for only 15 percent.

 -- The Rail Budget will be free of political pressures. It has been used as a bargaining chip by major political parties to enlist smaller parties into a coalition. Introducing new trains in home states usually netted votes of minor parties. Not anymore. 

-- When Rail budget had to be introduced separately, the railways needed to pay an annual dividend to render its budgetary support to the government. The railways will be free of this now and the same fund could now be used in better ways for development the conditions of Indian railways.

 --Our railways are running on loss. There are lesser funds for development plans and most of them are wasted in wrongful manner when there emerges a demand from the regional MLA who promised new trains and stoppages for their location during the time of election. When it goes into the hands of finance ministry, it would mean and absolute end to this and a more commercialized distribution of resources.

--Bibek Debroy of NITI Aayog had written in his report: "The railway budget is an avenue for populism with MPs demanding new trains and stops for existing ones. These decisions should be taken by railway board on a commercial basis. A lot of resources are wasted in the process of preparing it. A very complicated relationship between Finance Ministry and Railways has evolved. We should simplify it." 

-- Merged rail budget can look into the matters of Safety, which has to be given most priority rather than creating the separate states for popular votes. Creation avenues for the modernisation, High speed networks, connectivity to the last point, increasing the sanitation in the railways and on tracks, modernising the railway platforms and other important corners of development can be looked upon with merger.


-- With or without separate rail budget, General budget has to support it with huge amounts. By merging and reducing the duplication can increasing the outlay for the railway developments. 

CONS 

-Once the Rail Budget is subsumed under the main Budget, all rail-related expenditures will also become part of the Union budget. Here is the downside: a fall in revenue or gross receipts in the general budget will mean the finance ministry will be carrying out similar cuts in expenditure allocated to railways, too.

 -The merger may make the Railways just another government department. In the process, it could also lose its commercial character. 

--The Finance Ministry, which will be presenting the Budget, will be hamstrung as it won't be able to raise passenger fares. Because doing so won't win it votes. It in turn won't bring in money for the railways and hurt modernisation plans. Also, with no fare hike, salaries, fuel and equipment costs will also suffer. 

-As the government's infrastructure expansion plans rely a lot on railways, the most used mode of freight transport .the merger can actually cover cracks, if any in the rail department. 

-There have previously been talks of privatization of Indian railways in order to improve and develop them with world class facilities and cleanliness. It was not well received earlier and after the merging, there will a complete end to any future chances of privatization. At the efficient hands of government employees, nothing big could be expected. 

By seeing the above cases, the pro’s seem to outweigh the con’s. Hence it is prudent and pragmatic to merge the railways budget with general budget.


Background History:-

In 1921, British railway economist, William Mitchell Acworth was appointed chairman of the Committee on Indian Railways. The report of the committee, known as the “Acworth Report”, led to reorganization of Indian Railways; thus separating the railway finances of India from the general government finances. In short, this led to creation of a separate Railway Budget, an arrangement which continues in independent India.

Q) which committe was the brain behind the merging?

Recently submitted Bibek Diberoy's Committe report proposed the merging of rail budget with General Budget.

Discuss briefly about the Unification of Italy

“The Italian Unification or Italian Risorgimento is known as the chain of political and military events that produced a united Italian peninsula under the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. These events can be broken down in five stages: 

1. Pre-Revolutionary, 
2. Revolutionary,
3. Cavour’s Policy and the Role of Piedmont, 
4. Garibaldi’s Campaign in Southern Italy, and 
5. the creation of the Italian Kingdom.

1. Pre-Revolutionary Phase:

After the Napoleonic Wars and Napoleon Bonaparte’s second defeat, the major powers that has resisted met at a conference called the Congress of Vienna in 1815(under klemens von Metternich). The topic of discussion was to limit France’s power, set limits on nations so no one nation become too strong, and divide up the territory conquered up by Napoleon.

In this phase Italy was divided into several independent states. This are major stumble blocks in unification of the italy. Those independent states were:

• Kingdom of Sardinia
• Lombardy
• Venetia
• Parma
• Modena
• Tuscany
• Papal States
• Kingdom of two Scillies.

Among all these independent states, Kingdom of Sardina had major power. Venetia and Lombardy administration was put under the Austrian control by Congress in Vienna. Rome was under pope and sicily and naples were under control of Bourbon dynasty.

II. Revolutionary Phase:

During the first half of the 19th century, only aristocrats, intellectual, and upper middle class took the cause for unification. The masses showed no concern. However, the people with a passion for unification started to form secret societies, namely the Carbonari. Although at first, they only demanded more rights from their respective government, the cause began to grow. By 1820, the Carbonari were involved in numerous failed revolutions against the Kingdom of Two Sicilies, the Kingdom of Sardinia, Bolonga, and other Italian states. However, the Austrian Empire crushed all of these revolutions; thus leading to more resentment from the Italians. The soul and spirit of the Carbonari and the revolutions was a man named Giuseppe Mazzini. Mazzini was an idealized who

wanted not only wanted a united Italy, but an Italy with a republican form of government. Mazzini brought the campaign for unification into the mainstream.

MAZZINI

when in 1831 he created Young Italy, a group created for the sole purpose to spread the ideas unification, revolutions, and republicanism. In 1846, a liberal pope, Pius IX, was elected who enacted numerous reforms. Soon, other states followed but these reform movements were not enough. A series of uprising known as the Revolution of 1848 occurred throughout Europe including France, Germany, the Austrian Empire, and northern Italy. The revolution also occurred in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies were the king signed a constitution. In the Papal States, radical took over Rome, causing the Pope to flee. 

Victor Emanuel-II

In the absence of the pope, Garibaldi and Mazzini created a republic called the Roman Republic. In Piedmont, after the insistence of nationals, the King Charles Albert sent to Lombardy in their fight for freedom from Austrian rule. Although some of the revolutions were successful in the beginning, they were quickly crushed. In 1849, France sent troops to Rome and destroyed the short-lived Roman Republic. Piedmont lost to Austria and the king was forced to abdicate, causing his son, Victor Emanuel II to become king in 1849. After the unsuccessful events of the last few years, unification would seem as a distant dream. However, things were about to change with the appointment of Count Camillo di Cavour as prime minister of Piedmont in 1852. With the use of all the political and military tricks in the book, Cavour tackled and succeeded in making this dream into a reality. Italy and Europe would never be the same again.

Till now, there was no much progress in the unification of the Italy. Mazzini and garibaldi left the country after recapturing short-lived republic by France. Abdication of Sardinian throne to Victor Emmanuel-II and Election of the Count Camilio di Cavour are significant events. Though it didnt progress, it had created Unification consciousness among the people of Italy.

III. Cavour’s Policy and the Role of Piedmont

Camillo di Cavour

After the numerous failed uprisings throughout Italy, Camillo di Cavour became the prime minister of the Piedmont (Kingdom of Sardinia) in 1852. By the use of bargaining, putting great powers against each other, war, and political cunning, Cavour was able to unite Italy in a short time. Although Piedmont was a small state, it had considerable influence due to its military strength, conservative philosophy, and admirable political leader. In addition, Victor Emmanuel II ruled in conjunction with a parliament, thus establishing a legitimate stable form of government and not giving cause to an internal revolution.

Although Piedmont exercised a conservative policy, it was loose and constructive in many areas, especially commerce and industry. With the use of commercial treaties, Piedmont began to play an increasing role in commerce in the region as it started to win trade away from Austria. These actions served very popular with the public and were received further progress with Cavour’s appointment in 1852. Cavour had a strong belief in scientific and economic progress, and was a firm supporter of unification. However, he did not share the same republic views as Mazzini and Garibaldi. In Cavour’s view, unification needed a strong state to lead, namely Piedmont. And Piedmont can only become strong with railroads, economic freedom, stable finances, and a higher standard of living. Cavour immediately began by implementing some liberal (but necessary) ideas. He encouraged people to participate in government, started to change public opinion by skilfully using the press and the government, and economic freedom, and most importantly spread the propaganda of Italian unity under Victor Emanuel II. 

This phase saw the full potential of Camillo di Cavour. He made kingdom of sardina a model state, which could be dreamt by other neighbouring states. In the war  between turkey and russia(crimean war), Cavour supported English and France to win their support in fighting against Austria. When he was invited to meeting after the war, he internationalised the problems of Italy. It can be said that “Italy Took birth from the mud of the CRIMEA”.

In order to achieve his goals, Cavour needed the help of a strong ally, the leader of France, Napoleon III. France proved to be a good partner because it was a traditional enemy of Austria and any loss of Austrian influence would be beneficial. Also, Napoleon III showed favour to a liberated and united Italian peninsula. To seal the deal of this partnership, both leaders met secretly at Plombieres(This is also known as plombieres Agreement), a French spa. Piedmont would stir up trouble in Lombardy and Venetia,territories controlled by Austria, thus forcing Austria to go to war against Piedmont. France would help Piedmont in exchange for Nice and Savoy(from now onwards, it was never be part of again). In April 1859, war broke out between Piedmont and Austria. The plan worked very well the joined forces of Piedmont and France won at Magenta and Solferino. Pretty soon, Prussia started to mobilize an army in Austria defense and more Italian provinces wanted to join Piedmont under one nation. Both of these events alarmed Napoleon III because Prussia was starting to have a strong presence in European affairs and more Italian states wanting unification greatly exceeded what he had envisioned for Italy. So he signed an Villafranca armistice with Austria and ended the war. Piedmont received Lombardy from Austria as a result of the war. After the war and the political manoeuvring, Piedmont had greatly increased its size.

By the 1860, With help of the France, Cavour able integrate the Central states such as tuscany, parma, bologna,modena and piyokenja except Nice and Savoy, which will be forever with france according to the Plombieres agreement. He did it with referendum.

IV. Garibaldi’s Campaign in Southern Italy

If Mazzini was the soul of the unification process, then Garibaldi was the hero. In early 1860, he started to gather volunteers in Genoa for an expedition to Sicily. As Cavour neither opposed nor helped, thousands of soldiers from Romagna, Lombardy, and Venetia set sail for Sicily in May 1860. The Expedition of Soldiers, as it was called, was an instant hit with the public. The Kingdom of Two Sicilies had long been a corrupt government and now it was seeing its last days. Although the Garibaldi Red Shirts were less skilled and ill equipped, they were a tremendous success. They occupied Sicily within two months and already Garibaldi was setting his eyes on mainland Italy.

Garibaldi

However, after his declaration to advance to Rome, instead of stopping in Naples, Cavour became increasingly worried. If Rome was attacked, France and Austria would immediately help the Pope and crush the opposing army, thereby discrediting and destroying the unification agenda. In yet another brilliant move, Cavour encouraged riots and uprisings in the Papal States thus giving the Piedmontese troops a reason to come under the pretext of maintaining order. In 1860, two thirds of the Papal States joined Piedmont and Rome was left alone. As the Piedmontese army bypassed Rome and the remaining Papal States and marched south, Garibaldi would surprise everyone with one of the most memorable gestures in history. On September 18, Garibaldi gave up command of his army and shook hands with Victor Emanuel II, signifying the unity and formation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Garibaldi piousness was conspicuous to the people of italy,when He left to Island of Caprera with a bag of seeds to sow after merging the territory to kingdom of italy. 

Still Rome and Venetia are left out of the kingdom. Cavour was designing a new plot to take out the rome, which is under the control of France and Venetia, which under the control of Austria.

V. Creation of the Italian Kingdom

Venetia and Rome couldn’t be gained easily because

Rome was under the protection of Napoleon III and French troops while Venetia was controlled by Austria and its troops. But an opportunity arrived and Venetia was annexed in 1866. That opportunity was the Seven Weeks’ War between Austria and Prussia. Austria promised Venetia if Italy stayed neutral and Prussia promised Venetia if Italy joined them in the war. Italy decided to join Prussia due to a previous agreement. Although the Italian army did poorly, Prussia won the war and it held up its part of the bargain.

 In 1870, the Franco-Prussian War occurred between France and Germany and Napoleon III was forced to pull the French troops from Rome to aid the war effort. While Rome and the remaining Papal States remained unprotected, Italian troops marched in unopposed. In October 1870 Rome voted to join the union and in July 1871, it became the capital. The unification was a long and arduous process. But all the problems that remained before the unification were not solved after the unification. As the last quarter of the century unfolded, this was evident. But, Italy stayed united and focused on solving its new problems. In the end, Cavour, Garibaldi, and Mazzini became the founding fathers of a nation and were immortalized.”

What is Swarajya According to the Gandhiji?

Swaraj of Gandhiji propounds the realisation of the bondages of the self,which are both internal and external and freedom of oneself from all bondages such as social,economical and political and it also includes restraining oneself from impulsive desires of the individual by knowing one’s duties to others.

Swarajya of Gandhiji is not mere transfer of political power from britishers to Indians. It is the goal of self ruling along with self-regulation. It is not a mere acquisition of authority by few individuals but it is acquisition of authority by people whenever there is crisis(abuse of the power). The real Swaraj is attained by educating the masses to a sense of authority to regulate and control the power. 

According to the Gandhiji,Swaraj means combination of the Individual freedom and Individual self control by realising his duties towards others. He further stated that Outward freedom of the individual is in exact proportion to the inward freedom, to which we have grown at a moment. based on this premise he pleaded that all the people of india should get the freedom from within, where there is no bondages, which may be social, political and economical. To realise such freedom, one shall know one’s duties to his neighbours. That realisation of the duties will only be attained by realising the love,which in-turn be realised through means of  Non- Violence. That means freedom is not mere acquisition of the power but realising the duties towards the humanity through the means of non-violation. Loving the enemy is not a simple thing but it requires lot of inner-strength and shows our sense of commitment and endurance towards our goal. 

In Swaraj based Ahimsa(non-Violence), people need not know their rights, but it is necessary for them to know their duties. There is no duty that does not create corresponding rights and those rights alone are genuine rights, which flow from the performance of duty.

Swarajya of Gandhiji doesn’t recognise any creed,religion,caste,language or few powerful individuals. It is conglomeration of everyone that includes the blind,  millions of toiling individuals. According to the Gandhiji, Purna Swarajya can only be attained wherever there is economic freedom of the toiling individual. This swaraj removes all forms of the exploitation of the millions of toiling individuals. Ultimate aim of the Swaraj is attainment of the sarvodaya that means Upliftment of the all the people irrespective of the creed, religion, race, caste, sex and other factors.


Swarjya concept of the gandhiji also plays crucial role in modelling the indian democracy, which is not a mere conducting of periodical election,parliament and state legislature  but it is the power the people to elect the representatives based upon the reason and knowledge available at his/her feet. It enables the man to reason his choice before casting the vote. 


His swarajya proposes the empowerment of the villages through decentralisation of the power. He believed centralisation of the power leads to the corruption and violence and decentralisation of the power puts the individual in an environment which is free from all bondages such as redtapism,corruption,nepotism,violence in need of power and other impurities and his reason also proposes that in the ocean of the decentralised power, if any unit(village) fails, it wouldn’t hurt entire ocean and it sustain by itself and repairs the unit in the course of time.

(This was his universal ideal thought,which was conceived by GOI of in 1992 through 73rd amendment act to the Constitution of India.)

Swarajya also includes the Swadeshi, which means development of the local goods and services rather than depending upon the far places for our immediate needs. Swadeshi increases self-regulation of individual as wells as interdependency between persons,villages,states and nations. Swadeshi enables the engagement of the person with the society.through which one can get rid of the ignorance, egoness and false pride. Interdependence enhances the bonding between people and leads to the establishment of the ancient doctrine that is vasudhaika kutumbam. (Swadeshi is at present conspicuous in the form of make in india campaign of Govt of India. this form of Self-reliance enhances the employment growth, technology upgradation, Inclusive growth, Economic Growth, Social Interdependence and all round development of the person.)

Civil Service Mains Previous year question papers(ANTHROPOLOGY)

ANTHROPOLOGY PAPER I-1991.

Time allowed: 3 hours         Maximum marks: 300

Section I

Note: Answer any three questions including Question 1 which is compulsory.

Q.1.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a)       Classical Physical Anthropology.

(b)       Culture and civilization.

(c)        Matrilineal society.

Q.2.     Describe the problems of universal definition of marriage. Describe the different forms of marriage among the tribal people of India.

Q.3.     What is kinship system? Discuss its relevance in understanding the social structure of society.

Q.4.     Explain the meaning and scope of political anthropology. Describe how law and justice are maintained in simpler societies.

Q.5.     What is religion? Discuss Tylor's theory of origin of religion.

Section II (a)

Note. Answer any three questions including Question 6 which is compulsory.

Q.6.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Ramapithecus.

(b) Mendelism.

(c) La Chapelle-aux-Saints,

Q.7.     What is organic evolution? Describe the theories of organic evolution.

Q.8. Why is Man a primate? Describe the place of Man in the animal kingdom.

Q.9.     What is race? Describe the criteria employed for 

the classification of human races,

Q.10.   Describe the stages of human physical growth and development and discuss the effect of nutrition and inbreeding on growth and development.

Section II (b)

Note. Answer any three questions including Question 11 which is compulsory.

11. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Franz Boas.

(b) Social-cultural evolution.

(c) New ethnography.

Q.12.   Discuss the relevance of anthropological approach to national character studies.

Q.13.   Discuss how Edmund Leach views social structure as a model.

Q.14.   Discuss the merits and demerits of different methods of comparison used in social-cultural anthropology.

Q.15.   Discuss the nature and logic of anthropological field work methods.

ANTHROPOLOGY PAPER -II-1991

Time allowed: 3 hours                         Maximum marks: 300

Section A

Q.1.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a)       Relationship between Sanskritization and Westernization as processes of socio-cultural change,

(b)       Concept of caste as a hierarchical system based on the opposition between ‘pure’ and ‘impure’.

(c)        Effects of governmental policy regarding forests on Indian tribes.

(d)       Forms of labour bondage in Indian agriculture

Q.2.     Discuss the nature of urbanization in the Indus Valley Civilization. What factors led to its decline?

Q.3.     What is the notion of ‘folk-urban continuum’ in the study of peasant society? Is it applicable to Indian conditions ?

Q.4. Delineate the major social and cultural characteristics of Indian tribes at the hunting and food-gathering stage. How is their ecological adaptation reflected in the world-view ?

Section B

Q.5.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each ;

(a)       ‘Push’ and 'pull' factors in rural-urban migration.

(b)       Critical appraisal of Guha's classification of ethnic elements in Indian population.

(c)        Problem of shifting cultivation in Indian tribe.

(d)       ‘The state should protect the personal laws of religious minorities’. Discuss with reference to the problem of national integration.

Q.6.     What are the principal characteristics of tribal markets? What extra-economic functions do such markets perform?

Q.7.     Discuss the socio-economic and political characteristics of revitalization movements in tribal India. How are they affected by culture- contact with outsiders?

Q. 8. Evaluate the extent to which existing reservations for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes have led to social mobility among them. What suggestions would .you make for implementing the policy of adding an economic criterion in extending reservation to the so-called ‘forward’ castes?

*****

ANTHROPOLOGY PAPER 1-1992

Time allowed: 3 hours                               Maximum marks: 300

Section I

Note. Answer any three questions including Question I which is compulsory.

Q.1.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Archaeological Anthropology.

(b) Group and Association.

(c) Religion and Magic.

Q.2.     Discuss the changes which are taking place in the tribal societies in India and describe the factors responsible for this.

Q.3. Define market. Discuss the nature and role of markets in tribal communities.

Q.4.     Write an essay on the aims and scope of applied anthropology with special reference to India.

Q. 5.    What is Taboo? Discuss the significance of Taboo in primitive societies.

Section II (a)

Note. Answer any three questions including Question 6 which is compulsory.

Q.6.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a)       Genes

(b)       Synthetic theory of evolution.

(c) Anthropoid apes.

Q.7.     What is organic evolution? Give evidences for human evolution.

Q.8.     What are Mendel’s laws of inheritance? Describe the recent advances in human genetics.

Q.9.     Discuss the main processes involved in the formation of races.

Q.10.   What are the characteristic physical features of the Primate? Show the position of Man among the other Primates in a tabular form.

Section II (b)

Note. Answer any three questions including Question 11 which is compulsory.

Q. 11. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Nadel.

(b) Diffusion and Diffusionism. 

(c) Model Personality.

Q.12. Define social function. Critically evaluate the concept as postulated by Malinowski.

Q.13. Discuss the contemporary trends in evolutionary studies.

Q.14    Define basic personality and discuss the different methods employed in the study of its structure.

Q.15. What do you understand by ‘norms and values’? Write briefly on cultural relativism.

ANTHROPOLOGY PAPER-II-1992

Time allowed: 3 hours                     Maximum marks: 300-

Section A

Q.1.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Sanskritization as a mode of social change.

(b) Controversy over the existence of Negrito racial in Indian population.

(c) Tribe- caste continuum.

(d) Joint family system in India.

Q.2.     Give in detail the ethnographic profile of a polyandrous tribe in India.

Q.3.     Describe the salient features of the Neolithic culture of the Indian subcontinent.

Q.4.     Discuss in what way the study of Great tradition and Little tradition is essential for understanding the cultural processes of Indian civilization.

Section B

Q.5.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Role of anthropology in tribal development.

(b) Indebtedness and land alienation among Indian tribes.

(c) ‘Land and forest’ are basic needs of tribals.

(d) Distinctive features in the growth of Indian Anthropology.

Q.6.     What are the major problems of the tribes in India? Evaluate the measures adopted by the Central and State Governments in India to solve these problems.

Q.7.     Describe the traditional economy of the Indian tribal communities and show how changes have come in it due to impact of Industrialization.

Q.8.     Discuss the divisive factors which disrupt national integration in India. What would you suggest to counteract the divisive forces?

*****

ANTHROPOLOGY PAPER -I-1993

Time allowed : 3 hours                        Maximum marks: 300

Section I

Note. Answer any three questions including Question 1 which is compulsory

Q.1.   Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Language and culture 

(b) Social institution

(c) Nation building processes in new states

Q. 2. Describe the means of social control in simpler societies and compare the legal system of simple and complex societies.

Q.3.     Highlight the significance of religious practices in Tribal Communities of India.

Q.4.     Critically examine the views of formal and substantive schools of thought in Economic Anthropology.

Q.5.     Is family a Universal Social Group? Critically examine this with examples.

Section II (a)

Note. Answer any three questions including Question 6 which is compulsory,

Q.6.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each :

(a) Effects of malnutrition

(b) Racial types in India

(cl Inbreeding and crossbreeding

Q.7. What is Synthetic Theory of Evolution? Discuss how this theory helps us in understanding the evolutionary mechanism.

Q.8.     Discuss the similarities and differences between Chimpanzee and Man in salient physical and anatomical characteristics.

Q.9.     Compare the fossil remains of ‘Progressive’ and ‘Classic’ Neanderthal men for anatomical characteristics and spatial distribution. Examine their phylogenetic position in human evolution.

Q.10.   What are the contributions of Gregor Mendel to the field of Genetics?  Discuss with suitable examples how Mendel’s laws of inheritance arc applicable to Man ?

Section II (b)

Note:   Answer any three questions including Question 11 which is compulsory.

Q.11.   Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 Words each:

(a) Edmund R. Leach

(b) Method and Methodology

(c) Norms and Values

Q.12. How do the approaches of the19th Century Evolutionists differ from those of the Neo-Evolutionists ? Discuss.

Q.13.   Bring out the merits and demerits in the British Diffusion Studies and the American Distribution Studies.

Q.14.   Do ~u think it is possible to bring uniformity of method in the natural and social sciences? Will it lead to advancement of anthropological research?

Q.15.   Discuss the nature and method of Anthropological Fieldwork and explain its uniqueness.

ANTHROPOLOGY PAPER -II-1993.

Time allowed : 3 hours                    Maximum marks : 300

Section A

Q.1.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Caste bound occupations vis-a-vis urban professions.

(b) Basic principles concerned with nature-man-spirit complex.

(c) Homo erectus narmadensis

(d) Shifting cultivation in the context of land use pattern.

Q 2. To what extent could the Mesolithic culture be attributed to a phase of transition between Palaeolithic and Neolithic cultures? Illustrate the answer with apt examples.

Q.3.    What are the major linguistic families in India? Identify such families, showing the geographical distribution and the population groups under different families.

Q. 4. Critically discuss the major anthropological contributions in the study of Indian tribal population.

SECTION B

Q.5.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Direction of tribal change

(b) Tribal education

(c) Ethnicity

(d) Special provisions for minorities.

Q.6.     What are the major socio-economic problems faced by the Scheduled Castes? Point out the criteria for diagnosis and suggest the remedial measures.

Q.7.     How are the tribes in India dependent on forests ? Make a comparative evaluation on malevolent and benevolent actions of the tribes on forest.

Q.8.     Point out the favourable and detrimental impacts of industrialization of rural population, living in the vicinity areas. What are your proposals for achieving a balance without harmful effects?

*****

1994

ANTHROPOLOGY

Paper I

Time allowed : 3 hours                                Maximum marks : 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates should attempt Questions from Section I and EITHER from Section II(a) OR Section II (b) according to ions given under each Section. Answer SIX questions in all.

All questions carry equal marks,

Parts of the same question must be answered together and must not be interposed between answers to other questions.

Section – I

Note: Answer any three questions including question I which is compulsory.

Q.1.    Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Social and cultural anthropology.

(b) Lineage and clan.

(c) Kinship terms and kinship behaviour.

Q.2.    Describe the various ways of getting mate in primitive society. Give examples from Indian context.

Q.3. Describe the economic organization of gathering hunting tribes. Illustrate your answer from that of Indian situation.

Q.4. Describe tile role of totemism in primitive religion according to Durkheim.

Q.5. Differentiate between state and stateless political systems. Do you think that a stateless political system can function in modem societies?

Section – II(a)

Note. Answer any three questions including question 6 which is compulsory.

Q.6. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Primate.

(b) Homo Sapien-Neanderthalensis.

(c) Malnutrition.

Q.7.    How Darwinism differs from the synthetic theory of organic evolution?

Q.8.    Discuss the role of heredity and environment information of race.

Q.9.    Narrate with reasons man's place in Primate Order.

Q.10. Discuss the racial classification of Indian population as per B.S. Guha. Mention the criticism propounded by other anthropologists.

Section II (b)

Note: Answer any three questions including question 11 which is compulsory.

Q.11.  Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) A R. Radcliffe-Brown.

(b) Genealogical method of field investigation.

(c) Structuralist approach to the study uf myth.

Q12.    Discuss the nature and logic of anthropological field work methods. Do these differ from those of other social sciences? Discuss.

Q.13.   Examine the relationship between culture and personality. Give suitable examples to illustrate your answer.

Q.14.   Describe the nature, scope and methods of new ethnography.

Q.15.   Discuss critically anthropological approaches in national character studies.

ANTHROPOLOGY 1994

PAPER - II

Time allowed : 3 hours                                Maximum marks : 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English.

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any THREE of the remaining questions selecting at least ONE question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

Parts of the same question must be answered together and must not be interposed between answers to other questions.

Section A

Q.1.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization.

(b) Social Significance of Grihastha-ashram.

(c) Constitutional safeguards for the scheduled tribes.

(d) Culture change-enforced and induced.

Q.2.     Point out the salient features of Middle Palaeolithic industries and their makers. Illustrate your answer with examples from India.

Q.3.     Describe the tribe-caste continuum in India. Is this continuum relevant in the modern Indian society 7

Q.4.     Give a brief summary on the growth of Indian Anthropology, indicating the factors responsible and the results achieved,.

Section B

Q.5.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each :

(a) Factors responsible for tribal migration and its consequences.

(b) Role of Anthropology in tribal development.

(e) Tribal movement-pros and cons.

(d) Positive and negative responses of the tribals to Governmental measures.

Q.6.     Describe the major purusharthas according to Hindu scriptures and discuss the social significance of harmonious management of ‘Trivarga'.

Q.7.     Do you think that the process of Sanskritizatioa leads to any structural changes in the society? Discuss with reference to the modem Indian society.

Q.8.     Describe the efficacy of the legislative measures adopted by the Government to tackle the socio-economic problems of the scheduled castes. What other measures would you suggest to tackle these problems?

*****

Anthropology-1995

PAPER I

Time allowed: Three Hours             Maximum Marks: 300

Section I

Note :  Answer any three questions including question 1 which is compulsory.

Q.1.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each :

(a) Homo erectus finds from Africa

(b) Chronometric dating methods

(c) Action anthropology

Q.2.     What is kinship system? Describe the changing roles of the system in the context of westernization in India ?

Q.3.     What is sustainable development? How does anthropology help attain sustainable development in the tribal communities of India?

Q.4.     What are questionnaire and schedule techniques of field study ? Assess their relative usefulness in anthropological studies ?

Q.5.     Why is the neolithic phase of culture in Europe called revolution? Describe its distinctive features.

Section II (a)

Note : Answer any three questions including question 6 which is compulsory .

Q.6.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Adaptive radiation in primates

(b) Gene therapy

( c) Senescence

Q.7.     Discuss the question of single source vs. multiple sources of the origin of Homo sapiens-sapiens. Which one of the two hypotheses do you think is more tenable ? Give reason in support of your answer.

Q.8.     Discuss the genetical and clinical aspects of the anomalies of sex chromosomes in man with special reference to the associated mosaic constitutions.

Q.9.     Describe the patterns of human physical growth and development from birth to maturity.

Q.10. Define adaptibility. Compare the adaptive responses in man to stresses at high altitudes and in a hot desert environment.

Section II (b)

Note : Answer any three questions including question 11 which is compulsory.

Q.11. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words on each:

           (a) New ethnography

           (b) Cultural relativism

           (c) Psychic unity of mankind

Q. 12. What was Boas’ approach of studying primitive cultures? Delineate the role of field work and history in anthropological study.

Q.13.  Give the names of two prominent British functionalists in social anthropology. Describe the functional theory attributed to any anyone of them.

Q.14.  What is cultural ecology ? Discuss how man adapts himself to different environments, giving suitable examples.

Q.15. What is culture change ? How did the Austro-German school put up the scheme of culture change ?

Anthropoiogy-1995

PAPER II

Time Allowed : Three Hours                  Maximum Marks: 300

Section A

Q.1.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words on each :

(a) Maler's perception of the habitat 

(b) Genesis of urbanization in India

(c) Distinguish between varna and caste

(d) Social implications of sex-ratio in Indian population.

Q.2.     Bring out the salient features of Lower Palaeolithic Culture complex in the Peninsular and extra-Peninsular India.

Q.3.     Discuss the major contributions of von Furer Haimendorf to Indian Anthropology.

Q.4.     Explain the concept of “Rina” according to the Hindu Scriptures. What were the mechanisms suggested by the scholars to repay the “Rinas” ?

Section B

Q.5.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Hindu mode of tribal absorption

(b) People’s participation in tribal development

(c) Distinguish between exploitation and deprivation of Scheduled Castes.

(d) Identify the factors responsible for regionalism in contemporary India

Q.6.     Critically evaluate various approaches to set the tribals within the mainstream of Indian civilization. In your opinion, which approach is relevant in the modem context?

Q.7.     To what extent, ethnicity is responsible for the tribal movements in India? Elaborate with suitable examples.

Q.8.     Describe the socio-cultural factors related to the poor health conditions of the Indian tribal population. Suggest measures for improving these conditions.

*****

Anthropology - 1996

Paper I

Time: 3 hours                        Maximum Marks: 100

Instructions

Candidates should attempt questions from Section I and EITHER from Section II (a) OR Section II (b) according to instructions given under each Section. Answer six questions in all. All questions carry equal marks.

Section I

Note : Answer any three questions including question 1 which is compulsory.

Q.1.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each :

(a) Medical Anthropology

(b) Homo sapiens sapiens

(c) Radiometric methods of dating fossils

Q.2.     Examine family both as a social group and as an institution. Describe the functions of family and household, indicating therein the recent changes.

Q.3.     Differentiate between centralized political systems and stateless political systems, and state how law and justice are administered in stateless societies.

Q.4.     Why have religion and magic become stable features of a society ? What role do the religious functionaries play in simple and non-literate societies?

Q.5.     Examine the importance of observation as a fieldworks technique in Anthropology. Differentiate between participant and non-participant observation, and analyze the problem of objectivity in participant observation.

Section II (a).

Note : Answer any three questions including question 6 which is compulsory.

Q.6.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words:

(a) Controversies of race

(b) Nutritional ecology

(c) Forensic Anthropology

Q.7.     Discuss the concepts of balanced polymorphism and relaxed selection with special reference to Malaria dependent polymorphisms in man.

Q.8.     Discuss the geographic distribution and taxonomic issues concerning early hominids. Elucidate evidence in support of alternative positions.

Q.9.     Discuss primate locomotion with special reference to adaptations to arboreal life.

Q.10.   Discuss the concepts of eugenics and euphenics and their potential applications to human welfare.

Section II(b)

Note : Answer any three questions including question 11 which is compulsory.

Q.11.   Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

            (a)       Classical evolutionism

            (b)       Ethnicity

            (c)        Culture and personality

Q.12.   What is cognitive approach ? Critically examine its implications in Socio-cultural Anthropology.

Q.13.   What is meant by cultural diffusionism ? Give an account of Fritz Graebner’s contributions to the theory of cultural diffusionism.

Q.14.   Analyze how Raymond Firth’s concepts of structure, function, organization and process accommodate the study of both static and dynamic aspects of the social structure.

Q.15.   Why are gender studies gaining importance these days? Assess the contribution of anthropology to gender studies.

Anthropology - 1996

Paper II

Time : 3 hours                                   Maximum Marks : 100

Section A

Q.1.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Importance of Karma in Hindu social system

(b) Neolithic tool typology and technology of fabrication

(c) Ethnographic profile of a polyandrous tribe

(d) Child mortality in rural India

Q.2.     Discuss the cultural characteristics of Upper Palaeolithic period. Indicate its genesis and development in Indian context pointing to distribution and chronology.

Q.3.     Distinguish among nutrition, food and diet. Comment on the nutritional status of the tribes with subsistence economy in the form of hunting-gathering, shifting cultivation and settled agriculture in India.

Q.4.     Bring out the impact of industrialization on rural population in India. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples. Suggest appropriate measures for the solution of the problems encountered with.

Section B

Q.5.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words on each :

(a) Little and Great traditions

(b) Involvement of local communities in forest management

(c) Role of NGOs in literacy programme

(d) Constitutional safeguards for the Scheduled Castes.

Q.6.     Estimate the contributions of S.C. Roy in the field of ethnography and his influence on the growth of Anthropology in India.

Q.7.     Define religion in anthropological perspective. Bring out the impact of Christianity on the converted and non-converted tribal groups of India.

Q.8.     Discuss the major linguistic divisions in the Indian population. Also point out the role of language in ethno-political movements.

*****

THROPOLOGY - 1997

Paper-I

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks: 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates should attempt questions from Section I and EITHER from Section II (a) OR Section II (b) according to instructions given under each Section. Answer six questions in all. All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION I

Note: Answer any three questions including question 1, which is compulsory.

Q.1.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Ecological Anthropology

(b) Biological evolution of early man

(c) Problems of dating in Prehistoric Archaeology

Q.2. Elucidate the salient differences between tribal social system and caste system giving suitable examples in support of your answer.

Q.3.     Discuss the distinguishing features of unilineal, bilineal and bilateral kin groups with suitable examples.

Q.4.     Delineate the meaning and scope of economic anthropology and discuss the principles that govern production, distribution and consumption in hunting gathering communities.

Q.5.     Critically examine the anthropological approaches to planning and socio-economic development among the weaker sections of the Indian society, highlighting the issues of macro-planning in anthropology.

SECTION II (A)

Note: Answer any three questions including question 6, which is compulsory.

Q.6.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 2 words each:

(a) Anthropology of Sports

(b) Homo habilis

(c) Longitudinal growth

Q.7.     Discuss the gradualist view of evolutionary change vis-à-vis the punctuationalist view giving an example from primate evolution that supports one view or the other.

Q.8.     Discuss the concept of ‘Mendelian population’ and its application in the study of anthropo-genetic variations in India.

Q.9.     How are body size and shape related to climatic adaptation ? Discuss the ecological rules with examples from human situations.

Q.10.   Discuss the recent developments in genetic techniques and comment upon their potential social significance.

SECTION II (B)

Note: Answer any three questions including question 11, which is compulsory:

Q.11. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Nee-evolutionism

(b) Acculturation and contra-acculturation

(c) Transactionalism

Q. 12. Elucidate the various concepts of social and cultural change indicating the specific problems involved in the change process.

Q.13.   Critically examine the Historical Particularistic approach of Franz Boas to the study of culture.

Q.14. What do you understand by cultural relativistic approach and ethnocentric approach in the study of culture? Discuss the logical premises of cultural relativistic approach.

Q.15.    Critically assess the role of ethnography in the development of anthropological theories.

C.S.E.

ANTHROPOLOGY – 1997

Paper-II

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks: 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at last one question from, each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words on each :

(a) Concept of rebirth in Hindu Social System

(b) Dating methods in Prehistory

(c) Significances of Varna and Caste

(d) Universalization and Parochialization

Q.2.     Describe the distinguishing characteristic features of South Indian Megaliths and compare these with either Central Indian or North-eastern Indian Megaliths.

Q.3.     Assess the growth and development of Anthropology in India. Illustrate the contributions of early twentieth century Anthropologists in Tribal and Caste studies.

Q. 4.     Critically evaluate the Indian Population Policies Suggest appropriate measures for its improvement.

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words on each :

(a) Components of cultures and its link with civilization

(b) Shifting cultivation, its merits and demerits

(c) Role of Anthropologist as an Administrator

(d) Plans and Programmes of Tribal development

Q. 6.    Examine the role of joint family in Hindu social system and its impact on caste system.

Q.7.     Estimate the role of democratic institutions/organisations for the development of weaker sections and the welfare measures adopted by them.

Q.8.     Discuss the significances of the regionalism and communalism in Indian context and its role in ethno-political movements in the present political system.

*****

ANTHROPOLOGY – 1998

Paper-I

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks: 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions from Section I and EITHER from Section II(a) OR Section II(b) according to instructions given under each Section. Answer SIX questions in all.

SECTION I

Note : Answer any three questions including question 1, which is compulsory.

Q.1. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a)       Caste mobility

(b)       Witchcraft and sorcery

(c)        Pithecanthropus erectus

Q.2. Neolithic is a ‘self-sufficient food producing economy’. Critically examine this expression.

Q.3. Do you agree with the view that family is a 'universal association ? Critically examine the above statement.

Q.4. Now we live more in a class than a caste. Discuss the role or kinship in this changed situation.

Q.5. ‘Primitive society is governed by the traditional customary law’ Do you agree with this statement ? Explain.

SECTION II (a)

Note : Answer any three questions including question 6, which is compulsory.

Q.6. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Genetic counselling

(b) Mutation

(c) Growth curves

Q.7. What is ‘race’ ? Enumerate and discuss the factors responsible for the formation of races.

Q.8. Define Hardy-Weinberg law and state briefly how Hardy-Weinberg law is applicable in population genetics.

Q.9. Define twins. Describe the methods of diagnosis of twins. In what way are twins useful in the study of human genetics?

Q.10.   ‘Man can stand erect while anthropoid apes cannot’. Discuss the anatomical changes that occurred in Man due to erect posture.

SECTION II (b)

Note : Answer any three questions including question 11, which is compulsory.

Q.11. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Holistic and atomistic approach

(b) Superorganic view of culture

(c) Pattern of culture

Q.12. Trace the genesis and development of field work in anthropological research. Assess its importance in the development of Anthropology.

Q.13. Define 'culture area'. How did it help the American diffusionists to understand diffusion of culture?

Q.14. What do you mean by cultural ecology? Evaluate how Julian Steward’s particularistic approach is helpful in understanding  multilineal evolution.

Q.15.   “To Radcliffe-Brown ‘function’ was the contribution an institution makes to the maintenance of social structure.” Elucidate in the light of Radcliffe-Brown’s contributions to structural-functionalism theory.

ANTHROPOLOGY – 1998

Paper-II

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks:

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1and 5 which are compulsory, and any THREE of the remaining questions selecting at last one question from, each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION A

Q.1. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a)       Folk-Urban Continuum

(b)       Jajmani System

(c)        Sohanian Tradition

(d)       Social Forestry

Q.2. Describe the socio-cultural characteristics of the Neolithic period In India with suitable examples.

Q.3. Discuss the basis of Indian Social System. Do you find any change today.

Q.4. Account for the emergence of new religions in India in the 6^th century B.C.

SECTION -B

Q.5. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each :

(a)        Action Anthropology

(b)       I.T.D.A.

(c)        Ethnographic profile of a matrilineal tribe in India

(d)        V. Elwin and his contributions

Q.6. ‘Village studies are crucial to the understanding of Indian life and culture’. Who were the pioneer anthropologists to undertake such studies? Give a comprehensive picture of anyone of them.

Q.7. Discuss the impact of modernization on the tribal and rural peoples in India.

Q.8. Discuss the health and nutritional status of tribal and rural children in India How far has the government policy been effective.

            *****

C.S.E.- 1999

ANTHROPOLOGY Paper-I

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks: 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates should attempt Questions from Section I and EITHER from Section II OR Section II(b) according to instructions given under each Section. Answer six questions in all. All questions carry equal marks.

Note : Answer any three questions including question 1, which is compulsory.

Q.1. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each :

(a) Action anthropology

(b) Fossil men

(c) Carbon dating method

Q.2.     Discuss the relationship of anthropology with psychology and medicine.

Q.3.     Critically comment on the forces and factors that have brought about changes in the family structure in recent times.

Q.4.     Describe any chalcolithic site in India with particular reference to industry and town planning.

Q. 5. Discuss some of the characteristic features of tribal religions in India and state how far have they changed in recent times.

SECTION-II (a)

Note : Answer any three questions including question 6, which is compulsory.

Q.6.     Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each :

(a) Australopithecus

(b) Racial criteria

(c) Molecular evolution

Q.7.     Discuss the application of human genetics in the field of forensic science and diagnosis and treatment of genetic disorders.

Q.8.     What is meant by physical growth norms ? How are these made and how do they depict the growth status of a population ?

Q.9.     Discuss the mechanism by which the human body adapts to altitudinal changes and other geographical stresses.

Q.10.   Discuss the role of twins in nature-nurture problems and illustrate your answer with suitable examples.

SECTION-II (b)

NOTE : Answer any three questions including question 11, which is compulsory. Q.11. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each :

(a) Social structure

(b) Symbolism

(c) Culture trait and Culture complex

Q.12.   What is meant by functionalism ? Discuss the basic tenets of Malinowski’s functionalism.

Q.13.   Discuss the different theories which explain social and cultural changes.

Q.14.   Discuss the contribution of field work in the development of anthropological concepts and theories.

Q.15.   Discuss the contributions of Ralph Linton, Cora-Du-Bois and Abraham Kardiner in the study of personality.

C.S.E.-1999

ANTHROPOLOGY Paper-II

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at last one question from, each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q. 1. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each :

(a) Proto-Neolithic

(b) Great Traditions

(c) Sacred Complex

(d) Dominant Caste

Q.2. Critically examine various sources of India’s culture and civilization. Also distinguish between primary and secondary civilizations.

Q.3.     Point out the salient features of traditional joint family system in India. Trace causes for its disintegration in recent decades.

Q.4.    Distinguish between sanskritization and desanskritization. Critically examine impact of sanskritization on social mobility in India.

SECTION ‘6’

Q.5.     Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each :

(a) Tribal Sub-Plan

(b) Sustainable Development

(c) Jharkhand Movement

(d) Land Alienation in tribal India

Q.6.    Critically examine the forest policy in India right since the British period. Discuss its impact on tribal people.

Q.7.    Bring out, with suitable examples, the constraints of educational development of tribal communities in India. Suggest remedial measures in this context.

Q.8.    Discuss the problem of tribal displacement in India. To what extent, are development policies responsible for such displacement? Also explain the role of NGOs in providing the remedial measures to the affected people.

*****

C.S.E.

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2000

Paper-I

Time Allowed: Three Hours                       Maximum Marks: 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any THREE of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words :

(a) Culture Area and Age Area

(b) Copper-Bronze Age

(c) Social stratification

(d) Etic and Ernie approach

Q.2.     Describe the range oflocomotive behaviour of contemporary non-human primates and state how does it help in understanding the structural-functional correlations of their limb structure.

Q.3. What do you understand by neo-evolutionism ? Evaluate how Leslie A. White's approach is helpful in understanding cultural evolution.

Q.4. What is planning from below? Critically assess the role of anthropology towards implementing sustainable development.

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words:

(a) Chi-square Test

(b) Malnutrition

(c) Genetic Adaptation

(d) Ethnic boundaries

Q.6. Evaluate genetic heterogeneity of ABO, Rh and Gm antigens. Discuss how the principal human groups can be distinguished on the basis of their blood antigen characteristics.

Q.7. Define ecosystem. Explain with examples, how biocultural  adaptive qualities have helped human survival in stressful eco-conditions.

Q.8. What do you understand by recombinant DNA technology ? Discuss its application and limitations in improving human health.

C.S.E.

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2000

Paper-II

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any THREE of the remaining questions selecting at last ONE question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1. Write notes on any two of the following in about 200 words each:

(a)       Negrito elements in India

(b)       Concept of Karma in relation of caste.

(c)        Tribe-caste continuum

(d)       Criteria of civilization

Q.2.     Describe the geographical spread of Indus valley civilization. What were the causes of its decline ?

Q.3.     Define the Jajmani system. Analyse the changes in the relationship between caste and occupation in contemporary rural society.

Q.4.     Distinguish between the characteristics and problems of linguistic and religious minorities in India Give examples of conflicts generated by such considerations and steps to resolve them.

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5. Write notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) The problems of denotified groups

(b) Impact of Christianity on tribal societies

(c) Tribal education in the context of development

(d) MADA, LAMPS, TRIFED

Q.6.     Give an account of Joint Forest Management programmes.  What is the role of NGOs in such programmes?

Q.7.     Assess the political and economic role of tribal and movements in the creation of the new states of Uttaranchal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh.

Q.8. Outline the historical background of tribal administration during the colonial period. Evaluate post-Independence administrative policies with special reference to states under either the Fifth Schedule or Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India.

*****

C.S.E.

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2001

Paper-I

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit  will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q. 1.    Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:   20x3=60

(a) Erect Posture

(b) Mesolithic culture in India

(c) Symbolic Anthropology

(d) Displacement and Rehabilitation

Q.2.     Explain the salient features of Descent and Alliance theories. Discuss their relevance to the analysis and understanding of Social Structure.                                                                      60

Q.3.     Discuss the contributions of Margaret Mead and Ralph Linton to the analysis of the relationship between culture and personality.                                                                         60

Q.4.     Discuss the approaches of Radcliffe-Brown and Evans-Pritchard to Comparative Methods in Anthropological Research.                                                                                                60

SECTION-B

Q.5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:       20x3=60

          (a) Menarche and Menopause

          (b) Sampling Methods

          (c) Recombinant DNA technology

          (d) Ecological Anthropology

Q.6. Define growth and maturation and discuss the different factors affecting them.       60

Q.7. Evaluate the role of Serogenetics and Cytogenetics in reproductive biology.                         60

Q.8. Discuss the relevance of human DNA Profiling and Gene Mapping in the prevention and cure of diseases.                                                                                                                   60

C.S.E.

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2001

Paper-II

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

SECTION-A

Q. I. Write short answers on any three of the following in about two hundred words each:                                                                                                                                              20 x3=60

(a) Ecological adaptation during Mesolithic

(b) Traditional culture as concept

(c) Nature-Man-Spirit complex

(d) S.C. Roy's contributions to anthropology

Q.2. Critically examine evidence of Upper Paleolithic in India. Discuss its characteristics.

20X30=60

Q3.      Explain criteria for dominant caste. How far is this concept still crucial to our understanding of India's villages after implementation of reservations in democratic institutions? Discuss.                                                                                                                                    60

Q.4.     Evaluate various changes in social organization of India’s villages due to impinging pressures of the market economy on them.                                                                               60

SECTION-B

Q.5.     Write short answers on any three of the following in about two hundred words each:                                                                                                                              20X3=60

(a) Scheduled Areas

(b) Detribalization

(c) Action Anthropology

(d) Birsa Movement

Q.6.     Indicate the main thrust of anthropological studies on development induced displacement and rehabilitation. Suggest a worthwhile rehabilitation package for displaced tribals to retain their the sense of community-belonging.                           60

Q.7.     Mention various developmental programmes implemented for the socio-economic well-being of Scheduled Castes. Do these programmes fulfil their aspirations? Discuss.            60

Q. 8.    What do you know by tribe and nation? How do states carved for tribals in India differ from tribal-nation-states in Africa? Discuss.                                     60

*****

C.S.E.

ANTHROPOLOGY –Paper-I-2002

(English Medium )

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No. credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-‘A’

Q.1.     Write short answers on any three of the following in about two hundred words each:                                                                                                                              20X3=60

(a) Cognitive Anthropology

(b) Neolithic Culture

(c) Biological Anthropology

(d) Universal Cultural Evolution

Q. 2. What do you understand by Feminist movements? Discuss their impact on family. 60

Q.3. “Components of culture are vast and varied.” Explain this statement.                          60

Q.4. Discuss the contribution of Julian Steward to Cultural Ecology.                                   60

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:       20X3=60

(a) Nation State

(b) Biological adaptation

(c) Genetic counselling

(d) Methods for the study of human growth

Q.6.     What is ethnicity? Does ethnicity add to conflicts and the tensions in the society ? Illustrate.     60

Q.7.     What is Organic Evolution? Explain the theories of evolution.                                                           60

Q.8.     What are the statistical methods used in Physical Anthropology?                                                     60

C.S.E.

ANTHROPOLOGY –Paper-II-2002

(English Medium)

Time Allowed: Three Hours                       Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION-‘A’

Q.1.     Write short answers on any three of the following in about two hundred words each:                                                                                                                              20X3=60

(a) Concept of Rina and Rebirth.

(b) Age specific and sex specific mortality rates and dependant factors.

(c) K.S. Singh’s project on the People of India.

(d) Sanskritisation and Westernization.

Q.2. Name a few Chalcolithic sites in India and describe their most salient features.        60

Q. 3. Critically examine the contributions of some of the British scholar-administrators to Indian anthropology.                                                                                                                                   60

Q.4. What do you understand by Green Revolution? What are its economic and ecological dimensions?                                                                                                                                      60

SECTION ‘B’

Q.5.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about two hundred words each:                                                                                                                                               20X3=60

(a) Village studies in India.

(b) Role of N.G.Os for tribal development.

(c) Linguistic diversity among the tribes of Chhota Nagpur.

(d) Bases of tribal religion.

Q. 6. What do you understand by the integrated tribal and rural development programmes? How would you evaluate the success or failure of these programmes ?                                       60

Q. 7. Critically examine the merits and demerits of reservation policy for the Scheduled tribes, Scheduled castes and other Backward classes.                                                                    60

Q. 8. Do you think that exploitation emanates from clash of self interest between groups? Discuss in the context of tribals and non-tribals.                                      60

*****

C.S.E.(MAIN)

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2003

Paper-I

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from, each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.5.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Homo Erectus

(b) Folk-Urban Continuum

(c) Cultural Materialism

(d) Kula Ring.                                                                                               3x20=60

Q. 2.    Define Kinship and throw light on the functional importance of Kinship in Anthropology.                                                                                                                                                          60

Q. 3.    Describe structural features of social life as suggested by Radclifee-Brown in his theory of social structure.                                                                                                                   60

Q. 4.    “Primitive economic organization has several peculiar features relating to the production, consumption, distribution and exchange,” Discuss the above statement by providing appropriate illustrations.                                                                                                                          60

SECTION “B”

Q.5.     Write short notes on any THREE of the following in about 200 words each:     20X3=60

(a) Genetic Polymorphism and Selection

(b) Forensic Anthropology

(c) Klinefelter Syndrome

(d) Eugenics.                                                                                                            3x20=60

Q. 6.    Describe in brief the major causes of change in gene frequency of a population.             60

Q. 7.    Differentiate between human growth and development and describe the various stages of human growth.                                                                                                                       60

Q. 8.    What do you understand by applied Physical Anthropology ? Discuss the applications of anthropometry in designing defence and other equipments.             60

C.S.E.(MAIN)

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2003

Paper-II

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.5.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about two hundred words each:

20x3=60

(a) Town planning in Indus cultures

(b) Caste as a pattern of social stratification

(c) Tribe and peasant : similarities and differences

(d) Significance of Purushartha

Q. 2.    Critically examine the contributions of tribal cultures to the development of Vedic culture.                                                                                                                                  60

Q. 3. Evaluate the impact of Buddhism, Jainism, Islam and Christianity on Indian society and culture in anthropological terms.                                                                                                        60

Q. 4. Discuss the socio-economic status of religious minorities in India. Identify their role in politics.                                                                                                                            60

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about two hundred words each:                                                                                                                                                 20x3=60

(a) Land alienation among the tribals

(b) Constraints of educational development among the tribals.

(c) Biogenetic variability in tribal population.

(d) Implications of recent Presidential orders relating to Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes.

Q. 6.    Discuss how forest is related to the tribal life. Critically examine how a change in forest policy and forest degradation have affected tribal economy.                                              60

Q. 7.    Identify the causes and consequences of major tribal movements in India.                        60

Q. 8.    What is regionalism ? Evaluate how regionalism has stimulated political movements in India.                                                                                     60

*****

C.S.E.(MAIN)

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2004

(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

Paper-I

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                            Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Chalcolithic Culture

(b) Neanderthal Man

(c) Ceremonial Exchange

(d) Participatory Rapid Assessment (PRA)                                                         3x20=60

Q. 2. Distinguish between magic and-religion. Give suitable examples.                              60

Q. 3. Critically discuss the contribution of Ruth Benedict to the study of culture.               60

Q.4. Explain the concept of sustainable development with reference to development and rehabilitation.                                                                                                                                     60

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:

(a) Anthropology of Sports

(b) Race and Racism

(c) Impact of Smoking on Health

(d) Ethnic Conflict                                                                                        3x20=60

Q. 6. Evaluate Fredrik Barth's concept of ethnic boundaries. Explain its distinction from cultural content.                                                                                                                                     60

Q. 7. Critically examine the role of nutritional, socio-economic and cultural factors on human growth and development.                                                                                                            60

Q. 8. Discuss the areas in which the knowledge of human genetics can be applied.                   60

C.S.E.(MAIN)

Anthropology – 2004

(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

Paper-II

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                            Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.5.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about two hundred words each:

20x3=60

(a)  Buddhism, Christianity and Scheduled Castes.

(b) Typo-technology of Indian Palaeolithic Culture.

(c) Demographic transition in India

d)  Globalization and Indian peasantry

Q. 2. Bring out the interrelationship between population growth and the development in the Indian context.                                                                                                                                  60

Q. 3. Trace the broad unifying features of the traditional Hindu society in the anthropological perspective.                                                                                                                           60

Q. 4. Analyse how the village studies contributed in understanding the Indian Social System.                                                                                                                          60

SECTION’B’

Q. 5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about two hundred words each: 20x3=60

(a) Sustainable Development of Tribes

(b) National Commission for SCs and STs

(c) Tribe - Caste Continuum

(d) Detribalization

Q. 6. Discuss the context, proce.ss and consequences of involuntary displacement among tribal communities in India and analyze the problems of rehabilitation.                                         60

Q. 7. Classify the tribal movements in contemporary India in a regional perspective and analyse the contributive factors.                                                                                                 60

Q. 8. Anthropologists are better equipped to play an effective role in rural and tribal development. Discuss.                                                                                                         60

*****

C.S.E.(Main)

Anthropology – 2005

(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

Paper-I

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                            Maximum Marks: 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each: 20x3=60

(a) Microlith

(b) Australopithecus

(c) Trade and Barter

(d) Schedule and Questionnaire

Q. 2. “Witchcraft accusation is the result of strained inter-personal relations.” Explain.     60

Q. 3. Critically discuss the formalist and substantivist approaches in the context of economic anthropology.                                                                                                                                   60

Q. 4. Discuss the concept of people's participation in planned development.                     60

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:      20x3=60

(a) Nutritional Anthropology

(b) Problems of Inbreeding

(c) Drug Abuse

(d) Ageing

Q. 6. Discuss the relationship of ethnicity and nation-state.                                                   60

Q. 7.    Critically discuss the factors affecting human growth and development.                 60

Q.8. Discuss the biological and socio-ecological factors influencing fertility and mortality. 60

C.S.E.(Main)

Anthropology – 2005

(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

Paper-II

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                            Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

All questions carry equal marks.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each: 20x3=60

(a) Mesolithic culture in India

(b) Impact of Islam on Indian society

(c) Vamashram

(d) Sacred complex

Q. 2. Discuss the economic basis of Indus Civilisation, What were the factors of its decline?    60

Q. 3. Give an account of the contributions of Indian scholars in the growth and development of Anthropology in India in early 20th century.                                                                               60

Q. 4. Linguistic and religious minorities are particularly vulnerable to political manipulations. Comment.                                                                                                                                      60

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5. Write short notes on any three of the following it about 200 words each:       20x3=60

(a) Tribal sub-plan

(b) Panchayati Raj

(c) Genetic diversity among Indian tribes

(d) Role of anthropologists in rural development.

Q. 6. Examine the impact of urbanisation and industrialisation on tribal economy in India.        

60

Q. 7. Discuss the factors related to low literacy rate among the tribals of lndia. Write in brief the measures taken by the government in different five-year plans to eradicate it.                   60

Q. 8. Elucidate the nature of changes in administration of tribal areas from colonial period to post-Independence era in India.                                                                        60

*****

C.S.E.(Main)

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2006

(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

PAPER-I

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                            Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions Nos. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:   20x3=60

(a) Lower Palaeo lithic Culture

(b) Rhodesian Man

(c) Incest Taboos

(d) Comparative Method

Q. 2. Discuss Anthropological approaches to the study of Religion.                                        60

Q. 3. Describe the evolution of political systems.                                                                    60

Q. 4. Critically examine the role of subjectivity in Anthropological Research.                           60

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:    20x3=60

(a) Personal Identification

(b) Racial Criteria

(c) Life-Table

(d) Genetic Polymorphism

Q. 6. Discuss the factors affecting ethnic boundaries giving suitable examples.                60

Q. 7. Describe various methods of studying Human Growth specifying their merits and demerits. 60

Q. 8. What is Genetic Counselling ? Discuss its relevance in the present day context.    60

C.S.E.(Main)

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2006

(ENGLISH MEDIUM)

Paper-II

Time Allowed: 3 Hours                                            Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answers must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No credit will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:   20x3=60

(a) Burzahom

(b) N. K. Bose's contributions to Indian Anthropology

(c) Karma

(d) Initial period of Tribal Studies in India

Q. 2. Write in brief ‘Population Growth in India indicating causes and measures of its control’. 60

Q. 3. Briefly discuss the contribution of Indian anthropologists during 20^th century.          60

Q. 4. Critically review the processes of social changes the contemporary Indian society is undergoing.                                                                                                                                                            60

Section ‘B’

Q.5. Write short notes on any three of the following in bout 200 words each:          20x3=60

(a) Linguistic distribution of Indian Population

(b) Key characteristics of the Scheduled Tribes in India

(c) Joint Forest Management

(d) Programmes for ‘Tribal Development’

Q. 6. Discuss bio-morphological variation among the tribals of Northeastern India.           60

Q. 7. Critically review Tana Bhagat Movement - its causes and effects.                               60

Q. 8.    Describe the role of anthropologists in Tribal Development.                           60

*****

C.S.E.(MAIN)

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2007

(PAPER-I)

Time Allowed: Three Hours                       Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates should attempt Question Nos. 1and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.

SECTION ‘A’

Q. 1. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:                                                                                                                                        20x3=60

(a) Homo erectus

(b) Neolithic

(c) Shamanism

(d) Symbolism

Q. 2. How anthropologists define Religion? Describe various forms of religion with suitable examples.                                                                                                                            60

Q. 3. Discuss mechanisms of social control in simple societies citing suitable examples.                                                                                                                                 60

Q. 4. Critically examine the contribution of Positivistic and Non-Positivistic approaches in Social Science Research.                                                                                                                           

                                                                                                                  60

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:                                                                                                                                        20x3=60

(a) Pedigree Analysis

(b) Genome Study

(c) Forensic Anthropology

(d) Demographic Transition

Q. 6. Discuss different types of sex chromosomal aberrations.                                   60

Q. 7. Examine adaptive significance of Human Variations in Tropical and Arctic climatic zones.                                                                                                                                   60

Q. 8. Briefly describe various applications of Physical Anthropology. 60                            

C.S.E.(MAIN)

ANTHROPOLOGY – 2007

PAPER-II

Time Allowed: Three Hours           Maximum Marks:300

INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates should attempt Questions 1and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each Section.

The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.

SECTION ‘A’

Q.1.     Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:   20x3=60

(a) Neolithic Culture

(b) Jajmani System

(c) Market Economy

(d) Purushartha

Q. 2. Describe ethnic elements in the Indian population focussing either on Risley’s or Guha’s classification.                                                                                                                                    60

Q. 3. Highlight the contributions of Indian anthropologists in the understanding of tribal life.                                                                                                                                                     60

Q. 4. What are the issues and socio-economic problems arising out of being a religious minority? Discuss.                                                                                                                                 60

SECTION ‘B’

Q. 5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words each:                                                                                                                                        20x3=60

(a) Impact of Industrialization on Tribals

(b) Constitutional Safeguards for Scheduled Castes

(c) Role of NGO’s in Development

(d) Land Alienation

Q. 6. Do you think that Indian tribes have rich biogenetic variability? Discuss.                   60

Q. 7. Illustrate, with suitable examples, the impact of development programmes on tribal and weaker sections.                                                                                                                    60

Q. 8. Discuss the anthropological understanding of rising ethnicity among Indian tribes in the context of nation-building.       

*****

                                                                       

ANTHROPOLOGY Main 2008

PAPER – I

INSTRUCTIONS

Candidate should attempt Question Nos. 1 and 5 which are compulsory and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question from each section.

All Questions carry equal mark.

Time Allowed: Three Hours                                                    Maximum Marks : 300

SECTION – A

1. Write Short Notes on any Three of the following

 ( Each one should not exceed 200 words ) : - 20 × 3 = 60

a). Biological Anthropology

b). Protein Synthesis

c). Forms of descent groups

d). Structural – functionalism

2. Discuss the modern theory of evolution with special reference to the

concepts of gradualism and punctuationalism.

 60

3. Discuss the importance of field work in anthropology and describe

various tools of data collection. 60

4. Discuss the relation between culture and personality.

 60

SECTION – B

5. Write short notes on any three of the following in about 200 words

each: 20 × 3 = 60

a). Nutritional anthropology

b). ABO and Rh blood group distribution in human population

c). Inbreeding

d). Bioevent of fertility

6. Define adaptability. What bicultural adjustments do human show in

coping up with stress at high altitude? 60

7. What do you understand by ‘ Hardy – Weinberg equilibrium ?

Discuss the factors that produce and redistribute variations. 60

8. Discuss the role of anthropology in designing defence and other

equipments. 60

ANTHROPOLOGY 2008

PAPER – II

INSTRUCTIONS

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English

Answer must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issues to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer book in the space provided for the purpose. No marks will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidate should attempt Question Nos. 1 and 5 which are compulsory

and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one

question from each section.

All Questions carry equal mark.

SECTION – A

Time Allowed: Three Hours Maximum Marks : 300

 Write Short Notes on any Three of the following

 ( Each one should not exceed 200 words ) : - 20 × 3 = 60

a). ‘ Langhnaj’

b). The distribution of Indo- Aryan Languages

c). Paleoanthropological significance of Narmada Man

d). Concept of Ethnoarchaeology

2. Is Risely’s Racial Classification of Indian population valid ? Critically

discuss with the help of suitable example.

60

3. Is Tribe-Caste Continuum a reality or myth? Discuss. 60

4. Critically examine the concepts of Little and Great Traditions for

Understanding the Indian Villages.

 60

                                                             SECTION – B

1. Write Short Notes on any Three of the following

 (Each one should not exceed 200 words): - 20 × 3 = 60

a). Mediterranean Element in India population

b). Concept of Ethnicity

c). Tribes as Indigenous Culture

d). Revivalistic Movement

6. Discuss the health problems faced by tribal populations in India.

Suggest some corrective measures. 60

7. How have modern democratic institutions influenced the Indian tribal societies? 60

8. What are the special problems of primitive Tribal Groups ( PTGs) ?

How far have the developmental programmes of the government been able to address these?

*****

Anthropology Main 2009

Paper-I

Section-A

Q.1. write short notes on any 3 of the following and about 200 words each: 20*3=60

   a. Homo habilis

   b. Natural selection in humans

   c. Schedule and questionnaires in research methodology

   d. Chiefdom in tribal society

2. a. Distinguish between major categories of australopithecines. How are 

        Australopithecines different from apes?                30

    b. List the major skeletal modifications in humans due to assumption of erect

        Posture?                30

3. a. What are the major criticisms of the theory of structuralism as propounded by

        Claude Levi-Strauss?          30

    b. Write a detailed note on polyandrous societies, citing Indian examples.

4. Explain the theory of “Neoevolutionism”?         30

Section-B

5. Write short notes on any three of the following and about 200 words each: 20*3=60

       a. Non-communicable diseases

       b. Genetics of HLA and organ transplantation

       c. Anthropological relevance of population genetics

       d. Thrifty genotype

6. a. Differential between growth and development. List the factors affecting human

        Growth and development.          30

    b. What is genetic load and what factors influence it?     30

7. a. Distinguish between chronological age and biological age. 20

    b. Discuss the theories of ageing?

8. Analyse the various application of anthropological knowledge to solve medico-legal problem and in the reconstruction of evidence.

Anthropology Main 2009

Paper-II

Section-A

Q.1. write short notes on any 3 of the following and about 200 words each: 20*3=60

            a. New archaeology

            b. Nature-man-spirit-complex

            c. Sanskritisation

            d. Importance of Siwaliks in Anthropology

2. a. Discuss the salient features of the prevalent hypothesis on the future of the caste 

        system in India.         30

    b. Write a brief note on the contributions of Prof. L.P. Vidhyarthi in the field of  

        anthropology. 20

    c. Examine the contribution of Mesolithic culture to the rise of Neolithic culture       10

3. a. Bring out the various features and importance of dominant caste concept  20

    b. What are the various exogenous processes of socio-cultural changes in Indian  

       Society?   20

     c. Write a brief note on the linguistic diversity among the Indian tribes      20

4. Describe the significant contributions of village studies in India to the understanding of social transformations. 60

5. Write short notes on any 3 of the following and about 200 words each: 20*3=60

         a. Indebtedness in tribal communities

         b. Fifth Schedule of the Constitution

         c. Tribal unrest in central India

         d. NGOs and tribal development

6. Analyse the impact of Christianity on tribal communities with special reference North-East India.  60

7. In what ways has anthropology contributed to the understanding of ethnic and political movements in India.  60

8. Critically examine the evolution of forest policy in India since the British period. Discuss its impact on tribals of India. 60

*****

ANTHROPOLOGY        2010

Paper - I

Time Allowed: Three Hours                                           Maximum Marks: 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates should attempt Question Nos. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining question selecting at least one question from each Section.

The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.

                                                  Section -A

1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:  15×4=60

(a) Cultural relativism and subsequent violation of human rights 

(b) Importance of chronology in prehistory

(c) Oncogenes 

(d) Segmentary lineage and territoriality

 2. (a) What stage is known as incipient stage of food production ? Point out major features of this cultural stage. Illustrate your answer with suitable examples from specific area in the old world.   30

(b) Point out the differences in the concepts of classical evolutionism and neo-evolutionism in socio- cultural anthropology. Which stage of prehistoric culture is known as cultural revolution and why ?        30

3. (a) What is Balanced Genetic Polymorphism? How is it maintained in a population?  30

(b) What are the major craniofacial changes that occurred during Hominid evolution ? Discuss.   30

4. (a) State the theories regarding the origin of spoken language in human societies both from biological and cultural points of view.   30

(b) Distinguish between the terms 'fecundity' and 'fertility'. Are the factors influencing them distinguishable ? Discuss.    30

                                                 Section- B 

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:      15×4=60

(a) Culture of Homo eretus

(b) Social concept of disease

(c) Senescence and socio- economics in contemporary times

(d) Role of forensic anthropology in the field of personal identification

6. (a) What factors are responsible for bringing about variation in residence of different societies? Explain how kinship influences man's social life.    30

(b) Critically examine the synthetic theory of human evolution.   30

7. (a) What do you understand by the following terms ?

(i) Systemic sampling

(ii) Stratified sampling

(iii) Multistage sampling

For what kind of anthropological researches will you use each them and why ?          30

(b) Chromosomal deletions and fluctuations may lead to gross abnormalities in man. Discuss with the help suitable example.  30

8. (a) Why are Neanderthals called Premodern humans ? The Upper of their coexistence with modern man. Discuss.  30

(b) Is Race a valid concept ? Critically assess the relevance of racial classification in the Indian context.   30

                                      ANTHROPOLOGY 2010                       Paper II

Time Allowed: Three Hours                                                      Maximum Marks: 300 

                                                 INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates should attempt Question Nos. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining question selecting at least one question from each Section.

The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the question.

                                                    Section 'A'

1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:    15×4=60

(a) Neolithic culture in India 

(b) Universalization and Parochialization

(c) Sivapithecus

(d) Urban planning in Harappan culture

2. (a) Critically examine the factoras responsible for the high population growth in India and suggest Suitable measures for population control.       30+15

(b) Discuss the relevance of Guha's racial classification in the context of India's ethnic groups.     15

3. (a) Comment in detail on the socio-cultural life of the people of the Indus Valley Civilization.  30

(b) Examine Gordon Childe's statements. " Neolithic culture is a revolution."     15

(c) Discuss the contributions of S.C.Dube towards the understanding of the Indian village.    15

4.(a) Asses the contribution of M.N. Srinivas towards Indian Anthropology in general . Add a note on his understanding in the context of studying social mobility in India.      20+10

(b) Examine the role of the caste system in the present political context.    15

(c) Is the present polical system strengthening the caste system ? Discuss.  15

                                              Section 'B'

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:       15×4=60

(a) Education and health among tribal women.

(b) The problem of bonded labour among Indian tribes.

(c) Panchayati Raj and the tribes.

(d) Tribal displacement.

6.(a) " Land and forest are the twin problems of the tribes." Explain.    40

(b) Discuss the relevance of traditional wisdom and knowledge of the tribes with reference to health in the present day context.    20

7. (a) Discuss and compare the approaches towards the tribes during colonial and post independent India.  45

(b) Do you find any significant change in the approaches ? Asses.    15

8. (a) Critically examine the various structurasl constraints in the educational development of Scheduled Tribes.  30

(b) Analyse the factors influencing tribal regionalism, citing Indian examples.  30

*****

ANTHROPOLOGY 2011

Paper I

Time Allowed: Three Hours                                  Maximum Marks: 300

INSTRUCTIONS

Candidates should attempt Question no.  1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining questions selecting at least one question is indicated at the end of the question.

SECTION A

1.  Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:  15x4=60

(a) Synthetic theory

(b) Neanderthal Man

(c) Field work tradition in Anthropology

(d) Cultural materialism

 2. (a) Describe major skeletal similarities and differences between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. 30

(b) Man is a prinate.’ Discuss.  30

 3. (a) Critically examine the contribution of Anthropologists in the interpretation of symbols. 30

(b) Critically examine the debate between Formalists and Substantivists. 30

 4. (a) Discuss different modes of exchange in simple societies. With suitable examples. 30

(b) Explain various anthropological approaches to study religion. 30

SECTION B

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: 15X4=60

(a) Genetic polymorphism

(b) Personal identification

(c) Conditions necessary for the operation of Hardy – Weinberg Law

(d) Respiratory function

 6. (a) Discuss the application of anthropological knowledge in designing equipment. 30

(b) Discuss monogenic and polygenic inheritance in man, citing suitable examples.30

 7. (a) Describe different methods of studying human growth. 30

(b) Native highlanders are well adapted to the high altitude environment. Discuss. 30

 8. (a) Explain the application of anthropological knowledge in genetic counseling, forensic science, sports and nutrition. 30

(b) Define somatotype. Describe the salient features of different components of somatotype. 30

ANTHROPOLOGY 2011

Paper- II

Time Allowed: Three Hours                                   Maximum Marks: 300

Instructions

Each question is printed both in Hindi and in English.

Answer must be written in the medium specified in the Admission Certificate issued to you, which must be stated clearly on the cover of the answer-book in the space provided for the purpose. No marks will be given for the answers written in a medium other than that specified in the Admission Certificate.

Candidates should attempt Question Nos. 1 and 5 which are compulsory, and any three of the remaining question selecting at least one question from each Section. The number of Marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of question.

SECTION- A

1.  Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: 15x4=60

(a) Philosophy behind Purushartha

(b) Factors contributing to communalism

(c) Iron Age in Gangetic region

(d) Critique of the concept of Great and Little Tradition.

2. (a) “Modernity has entered Indian character and society, but it has done so through assimilation, not replacement.” Discuss. 30

(b) Describe the linguistic elements in Indian population.  15

(c) Discuss the relevance of the concept of Dominant Caste in the context of Contemporary Indian Society.  15

3. (a) Describe the characteristic features of Mesolithic Cultures in India.  30

(b) Evaluate the contribution of American anthropologists to Indian anthropology.  30

4. (a) Discuss the significance of Sohan in Indian Prehistory.  30

(b) Critically examine the theories of Origin of Castes.  30

SECTION- B

5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each:  15x4=60

(a) Forest Rights Act – 2006

(b) Tribal Panchsheel

(c) Future of Hunting and Gathering Tribes

(d) Left-wing extremism and tribals in India.

 6. (a) Discuss the impact of Hindu Society on tribal population in India.  30

(b) Discuss the problem of displaced tribal communities with the help of recent examples. 30

7. (a) Compare the approach adopted towards tribal communities during Colonial and Post-independence periods.  30

(b) Discuss the distinctive features of tribes in North-east India. 30

8. (a) “Tribes in India are not homogeneous group.” Discuss.  30

(b) Discuss the impact of Urbanization and Industrialization on tribal women.  15

(c) Asses the contribution of Varrier Elwin to Indian anthropology. 15

*****

Anthropology Main 2012

1 150 words each

1 How natural selection acts on variation?

2 Ways of acquiring a spouse in simpler societies

3 Post-modernism in anthropology

4 relative dating methods

5 adaptive radiation in context of evolution

2 20 markers

1 Discuss race Crossing in humans with suitable examples

2 Distinguish between religion, magic and science

3 discuss the role of ABO  blood group system in resolving cases of disputed paternity.

3 20 markers

1 compare and contrast the skull of Gorilla and man

2 discussed the typology and distribution of upper palaeolithic cultures in India

3 What are the legal and sublethal genes? Explain

4 sub questions

1 Describe the types of kinship groups formed on the basis of different principles  20 marks

2 give a competitive account of the variations in haemoglobin levels and respiratory functions among the populations living under different environmental stresses – 30 marks

3 commented briefly on the phylogenetic  position of Australopithecines. -  10 marks

Paper I Section B

1 12 markers, 150 words each

1 is family a social institution?

2 Application of anthropometry in designing

3 band and tribal societies

4 Genetic counselling

5 Epidemiological  anthropology

2 20 markers

1 how does improved aerobic fitness increase  exercise tolerance in warm humid climates? Give suitable examples in support of your answer.

2 what are the tools of data collection? Discuss the advantages and limitations of participant – observations as a technique of data collection

3 discuss the chromosomal aberrations and manifestations of Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes

3 20 markers

1 explain any to biological theories of ageing based on purposeful events

2 what are the basis of social stratification? Discuss with examples

3 explain the concept of status and role in anthropology

4 20 markers

1 briefly discuss the important causes for the variations in occurrence and intensity of parasitic disease among different populations

2 what are the genetic effects of Consanguinity ?  give examples

3 briefly discuss the applications of the knowledge of human osteology in  forensic investigations.

ANTHROPOLOGY Paper 2

Section A

1 12 markers 150 words each

1 Sacred geography

2 Youth Dormitory

3 Narmada Man

4 participatory rural appraisal

5 Palaeolithic Art

2 20 markers

1 traced the trajectory of encyclopaedic works on the tribes and casts of South India with special reference to Anathakrishna Iyer’s contribution

2 discussed the concept of indigenous people as per the relevant UN Convention. Are the tribals of India indigenous people? Comment

3 critically examine the relationship between tribal communities and the nation – State on the issues of governance

3 30 markers

1 Examine the relevance of tribal Panchsheel by  Jawahar Lal Nehru in the light of emerging development practices.

2 using the ethnographic examples, highlight the process of religious conversions in tribal India.

4 20 markers

1 compare the contributions of S C Roy and Verrier Elwin to the tribal ethnographies  in India

2 using ethnographic examples, went out of how gender relationship changed over time
among central Indian tribes.
3 how has globalisation infected agrarian relations in the last two decades?

Section B

5 12 markers, 150 words

1 colonial ethnograpcommodification of tribal art

2 Soan culture

3 ethnic issues in genetic research

4 indigenous knowledge

6 30 markers

1 critically examine the prevalence of caste ideology among religious minorities in Indian
context
2 discuss the linkages between language, territoriality and kinship among the tribes of north

east India

7 20 markers

1 critically examine the national policy on rehabilitation and resettlement substantiating it

with experiences from different parts of India

2 compare the salient features and distribution of middle Palaeolithic and upper Palaeolithic
cultures in India. And add a note on tools traditions of upper Palaeolithic period.

8 20 markers

1 critically examine the book view and field view of social reality

2 using examples, comment on how anthropology can be utilised in policy-making

3 briefly comment on the linkages between (1)  gender and customary law (2)  gender and
 caste. (10 marks each)

                                        *****

                                          UPSC Mains-2013 Anthropology

Anthropology Optional Paper 1: Section A

Q.1 Write notes on the following in about 150 words each: 10 x 5 =50

1.    How do you situate Anthropology in Social Sciences?

2.   Various types of descent

3.   Totemism

4.   Linguistic Anthropology

5.    Carbon-14 method of dating

Q.2: 20-15-15 (250 words each)

1.    Why has the concept of Culture Relativism been so dear to Anthropologies?

2.    Bring out the distinguishing features of culture and civilization.

3.    Where do you situate ‘live-in relationship’ within the institution of marriage?

Q.3:

1.    Discuss the impact of globalization on tribal economy. 20m|350 words

2.   In what ways is Functionalism different from Structural Functionalism? 20m|350 words

3.   Differentiate between Economics and Economic Anthropology.10m|150 words

Q.4: 20-15-15 (250 words each)

1.    Discuss the impact of urbanization and feminist movement on family.

2.   Bring out the contribution of Turner and Geertz in symbolic and interpretive theories in Anthropology.

3.    How does taboo serve as a means of social control?

Anthropology Optional Paper 1: Section B

Q.5: 150 words each 10 x 5 =50

1.   Role of primatology in Anthropological studies.

2.  Differentiation between Child Growth and Development.

3.   Ageing and Senescene

4.    Twin method in human genetics

5.   Demographic transition

Q.6: 20-15-15 marks (250 words each)

1.    Give a broad outline of Patheolithic culture emphasizing upon its tool technology.

2.   What do you understand by ‘Genetic Load’ in a population? How is it measured and what are the important factors that can influence it?

3.   Justify “Though human growth is under tight genetic control but it is influenced by various environmental factors.”

Q.7: 20-15-15 marks (250 words each)

1.    Discuss the relevance of Case Study method of data collection.

2.    Elaborate upon major human adaptations to heat and cold.

3.    What are genetic markers and what is their usefulness?Why are blood groups considered as good genetic markers?Illustrate with examples.

Q.8: 20-15-15 marks (250 words each)

1.    Discuss how Neo-Darwinism integrated the fields of Genetics and Evolution.

2.   What is meant by epidemiological transition?Elaborate upon its causes and consequences highlighting major health problems of our adult population today.

3.   Differentiate between Race and Racism.What are three major races of the world ?Give important biological criteria used frequently for such a classification.

Anthropology Optional Paper 2: Section A

Q1: 150 words each x 10 marks x 5 questions = 50 marks.

1.    Sufi tradition of Islam

2.   Threat to tribal languages in India.

3.    Examine the debates related to Ramapithecus.

4.   Discuss how Louis Dumont explained caste system.

5.   Discuss salient features of Mesolithic culture in India with special reference to western India.

Q2: 15-15-20 marks

1.   Examine Nature-man spirit complex as an ecological concept.

2.    Indian Paleolithic culture can neither be conceived chronologically homogeneous nor as a uniform cultural phase.-Discuss.

3.   Discuss the significance of study of religious centers to the understanding of Indian civilization.

Q3: 25+25marks

1.    Examine the anthropological contributions dealing with tribes and Indian civilization.

2.    What is Jajmani system? Examine the views on Jajmani system as an egalitarian as well as exploitative system. Give reasons for its decline.

Q4: 15-15-20 (250 words)

1.    Indian farmers are not slow to react to economic opportunities.-Discuss this statement.

2.  Examine the criticisms on the concept of dominant caste.

3.    Discuss the contributions of H.D. Sankalia to prehistoric anthropology in India.

Anthropology Optional Paper 1: Section B

Q5. 150 words each x 10 marks x 5 questions = 50 marks.

1.    Government Action towards Left Wing Extremism.

2.    Role of Gramasabha under PESA.

3.   Impacts of sanctuaries and national parks on tribal populations.

4.    Linguistic classification of Indian tribes.

5.   Ethnic movements in India.

Q6: 20-15-15 marks

1.   Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule of the constitution are built on the foundations laid by the colonial Government. Discuss.

2.    Discuss the significance of cultural and administrative factors in tribal development.

3.   Examine the impacts of green revolution on rural poor.

Q7: 20-15-15 marks

1.    Discuss the criticism leveled against anthropology in the context of ‘Isolation, and assimilation debate on tribal populations.

2.   Assess the contributions of early 20th century ethnographic tradition to Indian anthropology.

3.   Discuss how British policies dispossessed tribals of their communal properties and agricultural lands.

Q8: 20-15-15 marks

1.    Discuss the alternatives for shifting cultivators in the context of ecological costs and humanistic concerns.

2.    Examine the impact of non-tribal contact on socio-cultural institutions of tribal people with suitable examples.

3.   Discuss the Social disabilities suffered by scheduled castes.

*****

UPSC Mains-2014 Anthropology

Anthropology Optional Paper 1: Section A

Q1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each: 10 x5=50

I.        Double Descent

II.        Genealogical Method

III.     Major sub-divisions of Anthropology

IV.       Ecological Anthropology

V.        Field work tradition in Anthropology

Q2. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

]I.      Critically examine the role of anthropology in Contemporary India. 15

II.  Is culture unique to human beings? Critically examine. 15

III.       Discuss the role of anthropology in the understanding of health and disease. What specific understanding is available with respect to infectious and non-infectious diseases? 20

Q3. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.       Discuss the nature of Law and Justice in simple societies citing suitable examples. 20

II.       Define marriage and describe the various types of marriages in human societies. 15

III.       Define Status and Role. Distinguish between Ascribed and Achieved Status. 15

Q4. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.       What is functionalism? Discuss the functional approach to the understanding of Religion. 20

II.        What is understood by ‘Rites of Passage’? Describe the various phases of the ‘Rites of Passage and their significance. 20

III.       Differentiate between State and Stateless Societies. 10

Anthropology Optional Paper 1: Section B

Q5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each: 10 x5=50

I.        Cross-sectional methods of studying human growth

II.       Genetic Counselling

III.        Epidemiological Anthropology

IV.        Asian Homo erectus

V.       Fertility and Fecundity

Q6. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.       What are the different stages of Growth? Describe any one of them in detail. 20

II.      Describe Turner and Klinefelter Syndromes in 15

III.        What are the stresses at high altitudes? How do better cardio-respiratory functions help the native highlanders in combating low environmental pressure? 15

Q7. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.       Discuss the factors affecting gene frequencies among human populations. 20

II.      Elucidate the skeletal differences between humans and chimpanzees. 15

III.        Discuss the relevance of menarche, menopause and other bio-events to fertility. 15

Q8. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.     Discuss Ageing and Senescence. Describe either the biological or social theories of Ageing. 20

II.       Describe the absolute dating methods in Archaeology, highlighting the importance of each method. 15

III.        Describe the Neolithic culture of India. 15

*****

Anthropology Optional Paper 2: Section A

Q. 1. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: 10×5=50

I.    Neolithic cultures of N-E India

II.       Tribe-Caste continuum

III.        Great tradition and Little tradition

IV.       Major linguistic divisions of India

V.       Contribution of H. H. Risley to the ‘Aryan’ debate

Q2. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.      Describe what is known of Harappan Religion. Have some of its elements continued into later Hinduism? Discuss. 20

II.       Describe the concept of ‘Sacred Complex’ with an ethnographic example. 15 marks

III.       Do you think caste persists in contemporary India? Critically discuss. 15 marks

Q3. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.        Define the concept ‘Dominant Caste’ and examine its relevance in the contemporary Indian village with suitable examples. 20 Marks

II.        Discuss the contribution of Islam to the composite culture of India. 15 marks

III.       Discuss the importance of the ethno-archaeological approach to the study of indigenous craft in India. 15 marks

I.    Discuss the contributions of S. C. Roy to understanding the tribes of India. 20 Marks

II. Describe the evolutionary significance of the fossil finds of the Narmada Basin. 15 marks

III.       Outline the distribution of Dravidian languages in India and describe their cultural significance. 15 marks

Anthropology Optional Paper 2: Section B

Q5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each : 10×5=50

I.    Biogenetic variations of Indian tribes

II.       Social and economic marginalization of tribal people

III.      Forest policy and tribes

IV.      The concept of PTG

V.     Impact of Christianity on tribes

Q6. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.Critically examine the constitutional provisions for safeguarding the interests of Scheduled Tribes in India. 20 Marks

II.Discuss the impact of land alienation on the tribes of Central India. 15 marks

III.     Critically evaluate the National Tribal Policy. 15 marks

Q7. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.      Discuss the impact of Globalization on the livelihood of the tribal populations. 20 Marks

II.    What are the significant factors responsible for tribal unrest? 15 marks

III.    Discuss the rise of ethno-nationalism among Indian tribes with specific example. 15 
marks

Q8. Answer following (20 + 15 + 15 marks)

I.      Critically assess the role of anthropologists in rural development. 20 Marks

II. Critically examine the role of NGOs in promoting health and education in tribal areas. 15 marks

III.  Describe the history administration in the colonial period. 15 marks

*****

Anthropology 2015

Paper-1, Section-A

Q1. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each: — 10 x 5 = 50 marks.

1.   Archaeological Anthropology.

2.   Society and Culture.

3.  Incest Taboos.

4.   Horticulture.

5.    Historical Particularism.

Q2: 15 + 20 + 15 marks

1.   Elucidate the biological and cultural factors in Human Evolution.

2.  How did Morgan explain the evolution of marriage, family and Socio-Political organization, and how did other evolutionists disagree with his explanation? 20

3.   How do diffusionism and evolutionism differ as explanations of Culture Change? 15

Q3: 15 + 15 + 20 marks.

1.   Define family and critically examine the universality of family

2.    How do you relate the concepts of ‘Sacred’ and ‘Profane’ in Durkheim’s theory of religion with a focus on the role of totem? 15

3.  Explain the basic features of ‘Postmodernism’ in Anthropology. 20

Q4: 20 + 10 + 20

1.  Critically examine the Formalists’ and Substantivists’ views on the applicability of economic laws in the study of primitive societies. 20

2.    Explain the difference between emic and etic, and how does the difference derive from the study of language? 10

3.    What made Geertz’s Interpretive Anthropology distinct from Turner’s Symbolic Anthropology? What does each of them mean by the terms ‘Symbol’ and ‘Symbolic’?

Paper-1, Section-B

Q5. Write notes on the following in about 150 words each: — 10 x 5 = 50

1.  Paleolithic Culture.

2.    Down’s syndrome.

3.  Longitudinal method of studying growth.

4.    Menopause and its impact.

5.   DNA technology in Medicine.

Q6. 20 + 15 + 15 Marks

1.  Describe the salient characteristics and geographical distribution of Homo erectus. 20

2.  Critically examine Darwin’s theory of evolution in understanding evolution. 15

3.   Discuss chromosomal aberrations in man illustrating with examples. 15

Q7. 20 + 15 + 15 Marks

1.  What is an anthropometric somatotype? Describe Heath and Carter’s method of somatotyping.

2.    Critically examine the physiological responses and acclimatization to cold climate in Man. 15

3.    Elucidate the role of Anthropology in selection and monitoring of sports persons. 15

Q8 20 + 15 + 15 Marks

1.   Forensic Science can help in criminal investigations. Discuss. 20

2.   Define genetic polymorphism. Give details of its types with suitable examples. 15

3.    What do you understand by Immunogenetics? Explain with suitable examples. 15

Anthropology, 2015- Paper-2

Section-A

Total 250 marks, duration: 3 hours; instructions: Same instructions as Paper-1.

Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: 10×5=50

1.   Relevance of tribal Panchsheel today

2.   Sacred complex as a dimension of Indian civilization

3.    South Indian Paleoliths

4.    Panchayati Raj Institutions and Social Change

5.   Rights over resources and tribal unrest

Q2: 20 + 15 + 15 marks.

1.   Examine the social implications of media and communication technology. 20

2.   Briefly describe the classical models of ethnic and linguistic classification of Indian population. Discuss its relevance today.

3.   Discuss the problems faced by religious minorities in India.

Q3: 20 + 15 + 15 marks.

1.   Discuss how constitutional provisions in India have built-in mechanisms for dealing with the problem of land alienation in tribal areas.

2.   Discuss the impact of Hinduism on the status of tribal women in Central India. 15

3.   Describe the paleo-anthropological fossil finds from Siwalik hills. Examine the contribution of Siwalik fossils to paleo-anthropological knowledge.

Q4: 20 + 15 + 15 marks.

1.   Critically examine the concept of communalism religious and multiethnic polity of India.

2.  Examine in detail the role of anthropology in planning for tribal development.

3.   Critically compare ‘Affirmative Action’ of USA and ‘Protective Discrimination’ for Scheduled Tribes in India.

Anthropology Paper-2

Section B

Q5. Write short notes on the following in about 150 words each: 10 x 5 = 50 marks.

1.   Prehistoric Rock Art of Central India

2.  Islam and Matriliny

3.  Socioeconomic characteristics of shifting cultivators

4.   Elwin Ghurye debate on Tribes

5.   Role of Governor in Fifth Schedule Areas

Q6. 20 + 15+ 15 Marks

1.    Examine the contribution of village studies towards the understanding of Indian social system.

2.   Discuss the impact of globalization on village economy in India.

3.   Discuss the significance of Harappan Civilization sites from India.

Q7. 20 + 15+ 15 Marks

1.   Recently non-government organizations have been critiqued for interfering, with developmental process in tribal heartland I Critically comment.

2.   Discuss the nature of social change in tribal India under the impact of developmental programmes.

3.    Discuss the contribution of M. N. Srinivas to the study of Indian society. Examine the influence of British social anthropologists on his ideas.

Q8. 20 + 15 + 15 Marks

1.  What do you understand by dynamics, of caste mobility? How did the concept of Sanskritization contribute to its functionality?

2.   Critically examine the concept of tribe-caste continuum and its relevance in contemporary India.

3.   Discuss the sociocultural, economic and psychological constraints responsible for low literacy in tribal areas.